physicists have been seeking to unify all of physics that the ultimate theory. It now appears that they may have to stop at a theory, not to them as one.
author Stephen Hawking (Stephen Hawking)
Leonard Edmund Luo Dinuo (Leonard Mlodinow)
Translation Pang Wei
few years ago, the Italian Monza City Council passed a bill to prohibit the public will be kept in round goldfish aquarium viewing. Sponsor explained that the goldfish kept in circular fish tank is very cruel, because the curved surface makes goggle eyes in the \Put aside the bill to bring the well-being of the poor goldfish aside, the story also raised an interesting philosophical question: how do we know we perceive \Goldfish see the world with our so-called \To our knowledge, maybe even our own end of his life, also looked through a lens distorted around the world.
in physics, this problem is not pure fantasy. In fact, physicists and cosmologists have found themselves almost immediate situation and goldfish. For decades, we have been top to bottom search, eager to get a million have the ultimate theory, can be consistent with a comprehensive set of fundamental laws to explain the \But it now seems, may not be the last we get a single theory,
lebron james jerseys, but a large family of interrelated theories, each theory for \see the world the same. For many people, may be difficult to accept this view, which also includes the circle of scientists. Most people believe that there is an objective \Classical science to such a belief on the basis that there exists an external world independent of its properties are determined, and the perception of the world independent of the observer. In philosophy, this belief is known as realism (realism).
However, to Timothy West in the (Timothy Leary) and the memories of the 60s of last century people should know that another possibility: \may depend on the perceiver's mind. Such similar views, and some called anti-realism (antirealism), while others called instrumentalism (instrumentalism) or spiritualism (idealism). In accordance with these \This view may be difficult to accept, but not difficult to understand. You can be the observer, that is, ourselves, from our perception of the world to erase.
With the progressive development of physics, the reality of the position is becoming precarious. In classical physics, Newton's system can very accurately describe our everyday experience, the \\However, as a measurement tool, we humans are very rough. Physicists have found that usually call the \These objects are not to follow classical physics,
nfl wholesale jerseys, but quantum theory.
quantum theory of the \System in quantum theory, particles neither determine the location, nor to determine the speed, only when an observer to measure those quantities, their values will be determined. In some cases, not even a separate independent existence of objects can only appear as part of a whole. Quantum physics has greatly challenged our \In classical physics, the so-called \. Even the universe as a whole, are not a clear in the past, or history. Thus, quantum physics is different from classical physics implies another kind of \
these examples we draw a conclusion for the interpretation of modern science provides an important framework. In our view, \Instead, we adopted a new view, called \In this view: Every physical theory is a model or world view (often essentially a mathematical model), is a set of elements of the model rules with the observed link. Depending on the model according to realism, the model itself is the truth ask a meaningless, meaningful only if it is consistent with observations. If both models are consistent with the observation, it can not be considered more real than the other one. Anyone can choose according to the specific circumstances of that model is more convenient to use.
not to judge the true alternative reality (alternative realities) have become the mainstream of popular culture today. For example, in science fiction film \on the extraction of biological energy (tentatively believe that such kinds of energy). How do we know they are not a computer-generated characters, at the moment to live in a world of the Matrix like it? If we live in a virtual, imaginary world, the event is not necessary between the existence of any logic, do not justify, do not follow any rules. Control of the virtual world of the aliens might just as interesting or fun, just to see our response, will let the whole world suddenly hated chocolate, or overnight to eliminate war, world peace - but never such a thing happened. If the alien refused to rule against the self-consistent, then we have no way to determine in this virtual reality there is another reality behind. Of course you can say that the world is alien life in the \However, the living creatures in the virtual world they can not observe the universe from the outside (we do), there is no reason to doubt their own life world is not \
goldfish situation as well. They saw in the circular aquarium in the tank outside the scene and we see clearly different, but this does not prevent them from developing a set of scientific laws to describe their observed movement of objects outside the tank. For example, the light in the air into the water by the deflection occurs when, in our opinion do not force a linear motion of objects in the goldfish seems to be movement along the curve. Despite being in a distorted frame of reference,
nfl jerseys for sale, goldfish can still conclude from a set of scientific laws has always been very correct,
wholesale jerseys, so that they can object outside the tank to make future predictions movement. They rule the law will be much more complex than we have, but simply about whether or not only with the taste. If the goldfish can develop such a theory, we must recognize the goldfish is also the view of \
There is also a place famous in the real world examples, the same description of \heliocentric dispute. Although people often say, Copernicus proved that Ptolemy was wrong, but it is not. We like Copernicus and Ptolemy, and goldfish, choose any kind of description as a model of the universe can be, because both the assumption that the earth does not move or the sun does not move, we can well explain the changes we observed astronomical phenomena. Aside Copernicus heliocentric nature of the universe in philosophical debates about the role on both, but its real advantage is that the equation of motion of the sun in the stationary reference frame it more concise.
depends on the model of the reality of the scientific model is applicable not only to us to create the world around them express and understand the conscious and subconscious mental model is also effective. For example, the human brain to receive the original information from the optic nerve, the synthesis of the information from the eyes, enhance detail and fill the class, such as blind spots caused by missing information. Not only that, the brain also receives from the retina to create a two-dimensional information in the three-dimensional sense of space. Do you think you see a chair, in fact, is the use of the chair, but scattered light, built a mental image, or model of the chair. Human brain is very good at building this model, if people bring a pair of special glasses, to show the image in his eyes, upside down, the brain will change this model upside down so that he does not see objects up and down - I wish he wanted to sit down before the change has been completed.
Glimpse
deep in the pursuit of the ultimate theory of physical theory of exploration, which has never been a theory like string theory (string theory) that people full of hope and challenge that suffering. String theory in the 20th century was first proposed 70 years an attempt, the purpose is to force all of the natural world are unified into a single theoretical framework to - or rather, is to gravity into the quantum physics system . However, the 20th century, the early 90s, physicists found that string theory encountered an embarrassing problem that while there are 5 different types of string theory. For advocates of string theory is the only viable theory and there are those people, this is really quite embarrassing. To the mid-90s, researchers began to find, these different theories, and later appeared on the so-called supergravity (supergravity), are in fact describing the same phenomenon, which gave them some hope that eventually these theories Commission as a whole. Indeed, these theories by physicists call the \Unfortunately, only a good description of each theory within the conditions of a particular phenomenon - such as low-energy phenomenon. No theory can describe all aspects of the universe.
string theorists now believe that these 5 different string theory is a more fundamental theory of the different approximation,
st louis rams jerseys, which is called M theory. 〔Seems no one knows where M represents what may be Master (command) may be Miracle (miracle), it may be Mystery (mystery), or both. 〕 Despite their efforts to participate in the essential details of M theory, but it looks like a long time looking forward to a single ultimate theory may not appear to describe the universe, we must choose different for different theories. Thus, M theory is not the usual sense of a single theory, but a network of many theories. This is somewhat similar to the map. To faithfully record the entire planet on the map in two dimensions, one must use a set of maps, each one only covers a limited area. These maps will be overlap in these overlapping regions, different maps are showing the same landscape. Similarly, M theory of a large family of different theories may seem vastly different, but the same can be seen as a version of the underlying theory, the overlap between the scope of application, they will predict the same phenomenon, but no theory can cover all situations.
as long as we develop a model to describe the world, and found it a great success,
cheap barca jersey, we will say that this theory describes the \But, like goldfish, like that example, M theory suggests that the same physical scenario can be described by different models, each model has a different set of basic elements and basic concepts. Perhaps, to describe the universe, we must use in different situations different theories. Each theory for \\Physicists in the traditional sense is not looking forward to the grand unified theory, with our daily on the \But perhaps this is the real face of the universe.
Stephen Hawking's research
Today, we understand the origin of black holes and laid the foundation for the universe, but as far as he himself pointed out in his cartoon \\From 1979 to last year, he has been Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University, Professor Lucas, Newton has been in charge of the teaching posts. His writings include the famous \
Leonard Edmund Luo Dinuo
is a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology. He has written seven popular books, including \how to determine our lives \He also \
(Source: Global Science magazine)
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