【】 【Butterfly Effect phenomenon frog crocodile laws】 【】
catfish effect
】 【】
【herding
【】 【hedgehog watch Law Law Broken Window Theory
】 【】 【twenty-eight Law
】
【】 【Barrel Theory Matthew】
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01 - The Butterfly Effect: The Butterfly Effect
butterfly effect: the 70s of last century, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of the air, said that a butterfly wings of the Amazon rainforest Occasionally, vibration, and perhaps two weeks can cause a tornado in Texas.
the butterfly effect is that the very small changes in initial conditions continued to enlarge after its future status will cause a very great difference. Some small things can be confusing, and some small things, such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a country is very important to not confused.
Management Implications
today's business,
Second baby Quotations, its fate is also subject to the Consumers increasingly believe that feeling, so the brand consumption, shopping environment, the attitude of ... ... the value of these intangible factors will be their choice. So as long as a little attention, we can easily see that some management practices, sound ideas in their companies will appear in this sentence:
100 customers, the only one not satisfied, so you can be proud, said only 1% of the failure, but for the customers, he gets 100% is not satisfied. p>
today, enabling enterprises to change the fate of the Bus competition, the emergence of news, business sit and worry-free growing potential of micro-monopoly and open competition so that enterprises have to consider all potential factors that affect development.
streamlining, officials laid off, the abolition of welfare housing and other measures to give more and more people away from the traditional security, is followed to decide on their own fate. The combination of organizational and individual freedom is the result: Who can capture the good life
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02 - Frog phenomenon
frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its poor The response is very sensitive, it will quickly jump out the pot outside. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jump out of the pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to be boiled frog died because the water temperature so high that the frog can not stand, it has been too late, or there is no ability to jump out the pot outside.
frog phenomenon tells us that a number of mutation events, they often cause people to alert, and prone to cause deadly it is in the feel-good circumstances, the gradual deterioration of the actual situation, there is no clear detection.
Inspiration:
revelation is this: the survival of our organization and the main threat to society, not from sudden events but can not be detected by the slow process of gradual formation. It short-sighted, only to see local, but can not see the big picture, for the sudden change, you can calmly face, quiet place for a big change, but can not detect, and ultimately will bring us even more serious harm! ~
The second revelation is: frog, as if all living things in our lives, we must look to the future, diligent in thinking of new problems, eager to learn new knowledge, can not be too Today, there are wine, today's drunk
revelation of the three is: today's society is a knowledge explosion, the ever-changing, knowledge also need to constantly update, so we should not blindly obsessed with the status quo, complacent, lazy so go on, will certainly be eliminated by the times, there will be faced with the risk of unemployment!
revelation of the four is: We do not simply, only the face of sudden danger, to the neglect of that tiny little slow and dangerous, because that little slow and small risk, is the most horrible!
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03 - Crocodile crocodile
law rule: its intent is to assume that a crocodile bite your feet, if you hand to attempt to break free of your foot, while crocodile will bite your feet and hands. The more you struggle, the more to be bitten. In the event crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot.
example, in the stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading in the direction away from the market, must immediately stop, without any delay and shall not have any luck.
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ago, sardines, low survival rate during transportation. After it was found that, if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is why it?
Had catfish in to a strange environment, will be the small fish found in more than a This problem is solved hypoxia sardines, and sardines, will not die.
When an organization working to achieve a more stable state, often means lower employee motivation, Harmony, An organization, if there is always a
It is manifested in two aspects, one enterprise to continue to add new blood to bring those vibrant, quick thinking, a new force of young and even the introduction of workforce management, to those complacent, lazy staff and bureaucratic conformist competitive pressure to raise The second is to continue to introduce new technologies, new processes, new equipment, new management concepts, so as to enable enterprises to fighting the tide waves in the market, enhance survivability and adaptability.
catfish effect on the application, there are catfish in effect in the application of human resource management, leadership activities in the application, specifically including the establishment of a competitive mechanism, capable of enabling leadership style change and so on. But I think that catfish effect analysis and application of far more than this. Different perspective of thinking, discover and solve the problem is different.
First, if the representative body catfish leader.
leaders influence others to complete the task that the individual or collective, in the flat box of sardines, sardines, a symbol of a group of highly homogeneous group, similar to their level of skills, lack of innovation and initiative, overstaffing, inefficiency, and the whole organization is a bloated state, and leader of the arrival of catfish (or catfish evolved within the sardines), new broom sweeps clean, discipline, standardize system, transformation process, the rational allocation of posts and human, financial, material, and gradually the business organization has been improvement, cut down costs, simplify the bloated body, incapable of sardines to be eaten, driven away, a capability of Sardines are a positive incentive, such a thriving scene showing the entire organization, a leader in the catfish under the leadership of the vitality of the entire organization are mobilized, so that the collective power of more powerful, dominate the market, maintain market only a solid foundation.
From this perspective, catfish leaders should have the following characteristics:
1 - act decisively, resolutely: rapid detection of diseases where the stagnant organization and be able to cut the Gordian knot, quickly and effectively solve the problem.
2 - their words, the strong style of work: scientific decision-making and to oversee the implementation of decision-making, timely assessment of the effectiveness of policies.
3 - promoting innovative, results-oriented: to promote innovation, create an atmosphere that encourages innovation, from business processes, job design, staff recruitment and allocation, assessment and other aspects of compensation design and reflects the innovative thinking,
nike force one, embodied benefits of innovation.
4 - need for achievement, forward-looking vision: a short-and long-term development plans and objectives, can foresee the direction of organizational development and human resources and the future of the existing gap, which can effectively identify future talent, cut out of drag is not suitable for development of the organization personnel.
5 - System Perspective, dare to change: the ability to observe the inside and outside the organization system from the system changes in the structure and function, we should not only regard themselves as part of the organization (as opposed to the fisherman, catfish leaders themselves are sardines, fishermen are the leaders), and should see itself as a leader in small systems, can bring the staff to open the situation, break the routine, making good benefits.
for leadership in the leadership struggle for the common goal of employee groups, if there are catfish characteristics of the leader, then the way to survive is to exercise together, stimulate their own energy, and catfish at least to synchronous speed, and to ensure the same direction (business goals), so as not to be eaten catfish to catch up, or pushed by other sardines last suffocated.
Second, if the catfish on behalf of a member of the team.
then it means that new, strange, different, including different views, different behaviors, different habits, because different, will inspire wisdom, a team needs different personalities, different skills, people with different work experience to join, and if the staff are uniformly, then the team produce imaginative, the possibility of producing high performance is minimal. In the focus on team building, communication to the team today, appropriate to attract catfish to join the team, will give the team a lively working atmosphere, bringing innovation and bring win-win. However, the number of catfish should be controlled, all catfish, then the whole team will be exist, the whole team to foul, so some Japanese companies believe in truth. From this perspective, the team should focus on healthy catfish molecular communication, influence the shape, the other employees deal with the team in the catfish, it should work on the basis of their cooperation.
Again, if catfish content of the work on behalf of people in high spirits.
now in many companies, organizational structure and job design is still a subject of a major transformation process, unreasonable, boring, no prospects, monotonous boring job content so that people feel like a bucket of sardines crowded As there is no passion, do not want to post more, think more in improvements,
air force one mid shoes, which slowly formed a collective inertia. If the job enlargement, enrichment catfish effect applied to job design (Jobdesigning), and that the organization's financial contribution is obvious. How restless, passionate work of catfish into the pool of stagnant water in it? This is a difficult learning, it was argued from the horizontal and vertical expansion of the scope of work, deepening the work content, for employees to experience the wealth of work activities, work experience achievements, so that they reflect the face of challenging and exciting nature of work excitement and desire; was advocated increased use of staff rotation in the way of talent, so that they work more joy catfish swim; I maintain that the application of these measures at the same time also pay attention to the character of people and job matching, catfish will to do things catfish, sardines, sardines things to do, post in the work only to have the content of catfish should also work with the content of sardine, the most important thing is to find staff preferences, look at those work can allow them to generate power and passion catfish, and only after the match, catfish effects can play its role, or catfish, although work is set, only to discover that the work of the staff can not be moved, fighting for, then this catfish has become a dead fish.
From this perspective, the work represents the rich catfish work content, Zequan Li is exciting, challenging job expectations, fresh experience of the other posts and so on. For leaders and human resource managers, whether at work setting catfish work, what level to set in work catfish, will be an organization's strategy.
summary, from a different point of view, the representative of the content of catfish are different, for a practitioner, leadership may be the catfish, then your best efforts to maintain the same direction and organization Do not swim back, otherwise there is danger of being eaten, always full of passion to the upstream and perhaps one day you become a catfish, a group of sardines to catch up the struggle; your colleagues may be catfish , then, and his Competition Competition to see who is surging energy greater; your catfish may also be lower, then the incentive to grow under the same time, do not forget to give yourself enrich my knowledge, maintain a strong development momentum, or you There is also the risk of being eaten by subordinates; your work may also have catfish, it is reasonable arrangements for their own work, prioritize, work catfish swim to the more joy, it is best to stir up work on the floor of a fold.
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05 - Herding: The Effect of Sheep Flock
Herding: sheep where to go, followed by sheep to follow where to go.
herding stock investment was first a term mainly refers to the investors in the transaction process in learning and imitation phenomenon, the same stock.
herding theory (The Effect of Sheep Flock)
placed horizontally in front of a stick in a flock of sheep, the first sheep jumped in the past, in the second, the third will follow the jump; time , the withdrawal of the stick, behind the sheep, walked here, and still the same as the sheep in front of upward jump, despite the roadblocks of the stick no longer exist, this is called . Refers to the management of some enterprises in the market behavior of a common phenomenon. It is due to insufficient information and lack of understanding of the market difficult for investors to make reasonable uncertainty about the future expectations, often by observing the behavior of people around the extraction of information, the continuous transmission of this information, Many people will be roughly the same information and mutually reinforcing, resulting in herding.
herd behavior in the field of behavioral finance is more typical of a phenomenon, the mainstream of financial theory can not explain. Economics often use Sheep is a very scattered organization, usually with the left and right is blind hit, but once there was a sheep to move, the other will without hesitation herd sheep, completely ignoring the wolf or near the front may have at a better grass. Therefore, the
the emergence of herding in general a very competitive industry, but also the industry has a leader (leader) occupies the main focus,
nike air force, then the entire flock will be copied by the leader's every move, the leader where to go
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06 - hedgehog hedgehog
law rule: two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. May be because their body is long with spines, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold, then get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs has finally found a suitable distance: both with each other to obtain the other's warm and was not subject to bar.
hedgehog rules apply
hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal relationships in the
French President Charles de Gaulle is a very people who will use the hedgehog rules. He had a motto: This is also profoundly affected him and consultants, think tanks and their relations staff. In his ten years of presidential years, he's the Secretariat, General Office and the General Staff and other private consultants and think tanks, no one's working years to more than two years. His newly appointed chief of staff always say: requirements. This provision is based on two reasons: First, in his view, mobility is normal, while the fixation is not normal. This is subject to the impact of military practice, since the army is moving, not always fixed in one place troops. Second, he did not want This indicates that de Gaulle is a major decision on their own thinking and to live the leader, he does not allow the people around me never leave. Only to mobilize in order to maintain a certain distance, and only maintain a certain distance in order to ensure consultants and staff with fresh thinking and determination and full of vitality, it can eliminate the old course of time their use of consultants and staff on behalf of the President and the Government malpractice.
Charles de Gaulle's approach is thought-provoking and admiration. There is no sense of distance, leading policy-making over-reliance on the Secretary or a few people, easy to make interference in domestic affairs think tank personnel, and thus make the name of these people under the guise of leadership, seeking selfish interests, and finally pulled into the water leading cadres, the consequences are very dangerous. Comparing the two, or better to maintain a certain distance.
GE
former president of General Electric Company, Stone note in their work very personally hedgehog theory, especially in the treatment of middle and senior management is more the case. And treatment in the workplace issues, Stone never mean the care of executives, but in their spare time, he never asked for a guest home manager, never accepted their invitation. It is this distance to maintain an appropriate management of the business to make common Zhimakaihua steadily high. And employees to maintain a certain distance, not make you high above, it will make you and the staff were confused identity. This is one of the best managed state. Maintained by a certain distance to maintain the principle, this principle of equal treatment for all: both leaders bound themselves, but can be bound by employees. Grasp this principle, it mastered the secret of successful management.
Means that regardless of any way to murder the fox to hedgehog, hedgehog just shrink up, the fox desperate. As long as this description of an enterprise to find a simple and effective model of development, regardless of any change in the market and competitors, can easily deal with, access to rapid growth.
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07 - Watch Law: Watch Law
watch Law: Law is when a person watches have a table, you can know What time is it, and when he has two not being able to determine. Two tables and can not tell a person more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an organization can not be used with two different methods, can not set two different goals, and even each individual can not be two people to simultaneously command, or will the business or personal loss.
】 【fable
the story of the monkey and the table
a group of monkeys live in the forest, when the sun rises every day they go out foraging at sunset when the back rest, My life was dull and happy.
a tourist through the forest, to watch a tree fall on the rocks by monkeys in the Smart Meng may
do the Monkey King, Hard work pays off,
but the When a subordinate to ask the time, After some time, the monkeys were revolted, the But soon, the new Monkey King is also facing
This is the famous More people watch and can not tell time more accurately, but will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
inspired】 【Law
watch Law gives us a very intuitive inspiration:
for any one thing can not be also set two different goals, otherwise it will make a loss; for a person can not choose between two different values, or his behavior in chaos.
a person can not by two or more people to the command, otherwise the person will know what to do; for a business, is not at the same time using two different methods of management, or will this business can not grow.
in this regard with the Time Warner AOL merger is a typical failure case. America Online is a young Internet company, corporate culture emphasized operational flexibility, rapid decision-making, quick to seize the market require that all the objectives for the service. Time Warner to build long-term process of development emphasizes the integrity of the channel and innovative corporate culture.
two companies after the merger, corporate senior management and is not a good solution to the conflict of two values, resulting in staff completely confuse the direction of future development of enterprises. Finally, Time Warner and AOL century marriage ended in failure. It also indicates that, to figure out the time, a travel time table accurate enough.
select only you think is right
two tables and can not tell a person a more accurate time, but people will watch the exact time to lose confidence. You have to do is to select the more reliable one, try to calibrate it and use it as your standard, follow its guidelines.
Nietzsche's famous saying: However, many people are troubled, they were
there are people under the pressure of the environment or other people, against his own choice did not like the road, and therefore depressed life. Even if made the subject of attention of the achievements, but also never felt the joy of success.
life inspiration
in real life, we often encounter a similar situation. Elective courses such as the two are you are interested in, but teaching time coincidence, and you do not have enough energy to learn another two courses, this time it is hard to choose. In the face of two equally good, equally enamored of your boys, you will certainly upset a long time, I do not know how to do a decision.
career,
2010.02 high-speed railway experience show ~ ~ ~, the location, no clear winner in the two treatment units, you will go from here? Every crossroads in life, we must face the
choice in the face of conflicts, we recommend using The so-called
Psychological research shows that Maybe you can not tell a clear reason, but through psychological unconscious, under normal circumstances can make the best decision to meet the needs of individual psychology. Here that the subconscious, in fact, we often say the first impression.
core philosophy: more choices, more standards will make people confused.
Application Tips: clear goals, without interference; know how to choose, the place is put.
application areas: social life and business.
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08 - Broken Window Theory: Break Pane Law
broken window theory: a house if the windows broke, no one patch, separated soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if the graffiti is not some washed, and soon, the wall covered with a mess on, unsightly thing; a very clean place People taking out the trash sorry, but once litter on the ground appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed.
Broken Windows Theory 1
also called as the target of criticism and summed up, saw the famous article The Hazlitt said that if a child broke the window, people will inevitably lead to replacement of broken window glass, which would make the installation of glass and glass production people started to promote social employment.
here, scholars to illustrate the children's behavior and the behavior of the government could have consequences, thus completely negating the Keynesian policy of government intervention. The release of this fallacy in the flood, put the earthquakes, put the in the war, it seems very appropriate.
Broken Windows Theory 2
also called the broken window effect (Break Pane Law)
a window was broken, if not repaired, will lead to More windows were broken, and even the whole building to be demolished.
by the American political scientist and criminologist Karen Wilson observation summary of the
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09 - twenty-eight Law: Pareto principle
twenty-eight law (Pareto's law): the late 19th early 20th century Italy economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small portion, about 20%, though the majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economic and life everywhere, this is the twenty-eight law.
twenty-eight rules tell us, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the problem, business and management to seize the vital few; to identify those who can provide a 80% profit, but only 20% of total key customers, to enhance its services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects.
20% ------------------ 80% of people who successfully unsuccessful
20% of people make money with a neck over ------- -80% of the neck of people make money
20% -------------- 80% of positive thinking, negative thinking
20% of people who buy time ---- ------------ 80% of people selling time
20% of people looking for a good employee ---------- 80% of people find a good job
20% -------------- 80% of people dominated by people who dominated
20% of the people to do business ------------- --- 80% of people do things
20% of people value experience -------------- 80% of people attach importance to education
20% of people believe that actions have results ------ 80% of people think that knowledge is power
20% of people how to do it I ------ 80% of the money I want money I have on how to do
20 % of people love to invest 80% of people ---------------- love shopping
20% of people have goals -------------- - 80% of people love Xia Xiang
20% of people searching for answers in the question -------- 80% of the people in answer to find the problem
20% of people in long-term perspective - ---------- 80% of the immediate
20% of people the opportunity -------------- 80% of people missed the opportunity
20% -------------- people plan for the future 80% of people only think of the morning doing
20% today, according to the successful experience of the person to act -------- 80% people according to their own wishes
20% of the people to do simple things ---------- 80% of people do not want to do simple things
20% of people tomorrow, things to do today ------ 80% of people do today, tomorrow, who do
20% 80% ------------ How can the people do not do
20 % of people taking notes ---------------- Forgetfulness is a good 80% of the people who
20% of people affected by the success of 80% -------- people affected by the failure of people who state
20% -------------- 80% good bad attitude
20% of people believe they will succeed - ------------- 80% of the people do not want to change the environment
20% of people will never praise, encourage -------------- 80% never abusive, criticizing
20% of people will insist -------------- 80% of people would give up
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10 - Barrel Theory: Buckets effect
bucket theory: the composition of the board if the length of the missing barrels, then the bucket of water is not determined Sheng was the longest piece of wood, but on the shortest piece of the wood.
bucket effect is like a bucket full of water, the same must be flush with each board and no damage, if only in a wooden barrel or a piece of wood missing plate below the hole, this barrel can not be filled with water. Is that a bucket can be How much water does not depend on the longest piece of wood, but on the shortest piece of wood. Also known as short-board effect. A bucket no matter how high, its water storage is highly dependent on where the lowest piece of wood.
principle known as a bucket or short plate theory, buckets short board management theory, the so-called how much does not depend on the highest piece of wood on the Tongbi, but rather depends on the shortest piece on the sides of casks. According to this core content, Second, as long as the bucket, there are a sufficient height, a bucket of water can not be full.
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11 - Matthew: Matthew Effect
Matthew: all be taken from him.
Matthew, referring to the strong stronger and the weak weaker phenomenon, widely used in social psychology, education, finance, and science and other fields. Its name comes from the Bible
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1, bird cage hanging a pretty Logic
cage in the room where the most prominent, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy back on a bird cage. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, they can not help but ask you: kept a bird. Cage logical reason is simple: most of the time people are taking the inertia of thinking. It can be seen in the life and work develop logical thinking how important it is.
2, the broken windows effect
psychology there is a phenomenon called the will somehow be broken; a wall, if not cleansed some graffiti, and soon, the walls covered with a mess on, unsightly things. A very clean place, people would be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once litter on the ground appears, people will not hesitate, and did not feel ashamed. It was very strange phenomenon.
psychologists is the bad in the end.
anything bad, if not stop off at the beginning, the formation of culture, change can get rid of, as if the river bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the loss of millions of times.
disorder is actually the result of crime, New York City in the 80's when the rush is really everywhere, every day not to kill, in broad daylight to be afraid of walking in the street. Not to mention the subway, car dirty, dirty sentence painted everywhere, on the subway, feel insecure. Although I have not been seized, but the professors have been in broad daylight, struck a note Sap, blind, from the end of his research career, so I talk about Tiger color for many years, not alone to New York. New York city and the city recently raised a lot of reputation, so I am quite surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, and to push.
So when I went out to meet, met a criminologist, one immediately to him for advice, the original New York City is the last book with the broken window effect in terms of theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which people is not easy crime-Hyde Budao slowly return to order.
Although this approach was criticized as being slow, handcuffed in a row standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the Government's determination to rectify and found very effective.
police found that people are less likely to really clean occasions in crime, also found that fare evasion grasp rewarding, because each of those seven had a fare evasion was wanted, there is one in twenty to carry weapons, so Police are willing to grasp fare evasion very seriously, which makes criminals not fare evasion, did not dare go out with weapons to avoid more harm than good, runs the risk. This New York City, from the smallest, the easiest place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue
3, diffusion of responsibility effect
1964 年 3 月 13 日夜 3 时 20 points outside of an apartment in New York before a man named Juno younger than white women between the work back at the end of the bar assassination of the way home. When she cried out in despair: When everything is calm, the killer returned to commit a crime. When she yelled, the nearby residents and the light switch, the attackers then fled. When she has nothing to do that, go back to their home upstairs, the killer again appeared before her, to kill her on the stairs. In the process, even though she shouted for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window to watch, but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. This caused a stir in New York society, but also attracted the attention of social psychologists and thinking. It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility effect.
dispersion effect for the formation of liability reasons, psychologists have done a lot of experiments and surveys found that: this phenomenon can not just say that all of the callous, or moral decay of the performance increased. In different occasions, people's acts of assistance there is a difference. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, provide assistance to the victims. If he refused to help produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires paying a high psychological price. And if the presence of many people, help the responsibility for seeking help from the people to share, resulting in fragmentation of responsibility, the responsibility of each person to share very few spectators and even that may not even his own sense of a responsibility not to produce A How to break this situation, which is being studied by psychologists is an important topic.
4, Parkinson's law of the famous British historian
North Goode Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called In his book, agency personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of inflation: an incompetent officials, there may be three ways, first is the application for resignation, the seat give competent people; the second is to make a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way most appropriate. As a result, two mediocre assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. And so on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other,
air force one, inefficient leadership system.
5, halo effect
famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called Natan Li looks amazing, but with different channel sub-Puhi Jin-Zhi. When the time to write poetry Pushkin read it to her time. She always covered their ears and said: death duel, a literary giant to fall prematurely. Appears in Pushkin, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
the so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In daily life, For instance, some disadvantage of the elderly individual young people, or dress, habits and find it unacceptable to think that they necessarily good for nothing; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, you will see him everywhere lovely, really the so-called Halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the error is: First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics and habits of individual push and, just like Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the surface; the second It is not intrinsically linked to some of the personality or physical characteristics associated with the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it definitely said yes to all that bad on all the negative, which is a absolute domination by the tendency of subjective bias. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect.
6, Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect)
an experimenter effect on psychology. 20-30 years of the 20th century, U.S. researchers in the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's working conditions, social factors and the relationship between production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiments, said Hawthorne effect.
the first phase of the experiment in November 1924 from the beginning of the working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Increase or control the results regardless of illumination in the experimental group yields are rising, but the same illumination output of the control group also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, can not see these working conditions, there is a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the U.S. Mayo led by Harvard professor, focuses on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that the production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place. Participate in the trial of the workers were placed in special laboratory led by the researchers, their social status has changed, the concerns from all sides, creating a feeling of participating, feel that they are an important part of the company, to allow workers aspects from the social point of view are motivated to promote the production increase.
This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the study and would greatly increase the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our daily lives with others learn to get along and understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, full of confidence!
7, learned helplessness learned helplessness effects of experimental
earliest Overmyer and West Sigman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. Simply put, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock the experimenter added to it. However, if the dogs are not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was the chance to escape electric shock, they have changed was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
dog show why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. That is, they realize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will be aware of their inability to change the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness to become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we should study and life in the open their eyes a little and see the real events behind the decision factors, do not make our own despair.
8, the witness's memory
witness, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that his own witness and hear something to speak out truthfully people. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference,
Method of grilled wings Orleans,
Air Force 1 Classic Mid, with personal views and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs decided that further study conclusions. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
they make were shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to tell the degree of confidence in their answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, use the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and the general knowledge of selected issues.
and as happened before, Perot fees can be special and Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness recalled, those confident of their answers than those who do not actually have people who do not have confidence greater, but For general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence.
people in the general knowledge about their strengths and weaknesses with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database, is shared between individuals,
Air Force 1 Classic Low, it has recognized the correct answer, the subjects can go measure. For example, people will know that the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know the event than others, the participants in the memory area hair color better or worse.
9, Rosenthal Rosenthal effect
American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of the children making a fuss of the In fact, this list is not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on 8 months later, another intelligence test results showed that, the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, It is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the Pygmalion (Pygmalion of Cyprus in Greek mythology, the king, he produced a statue of a girl he loved his desire to eventually make this into a real statue, the two fall in love with.)
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and towards own behavior, students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often expect teachers to obtain progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions of teachers felt the requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally reduced to the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
10, false share deviation (false consensus bias)
We usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote on their favorite numbers, overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes you have the same tendency of the number of features is called Some factors that may affect your share of this false bias strength:
(1) When an external attribution was stronger than the internal attribution;
(2) current behavior or events when a person is very important;
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that the time;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning be threatened;
(5) When it comes to a positive When the quality or character;
(6) When you and other people as when they are similar.
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