c60
This paper introduces the c60's profile, structure and composition of the Discovery and Research, C60's name, physical properties, color and character, molecular size, density, solubility, conductivity, superconductivity, magnetism, chemical properties and other properties and uses of elemental carbon
directory
About the structure and composition of discovery and the naming of the physical properties of C60 color and solubility characteristics of molecular size of the density of superconducting magnetic conductive properties of other chemical properties and the use of elemental carbon profile in recent years, scientists have found that, in addition to diamond, graphite, there are some new form of a single mass of carbon. Which found early and has made important progress in the study is the C60 molecules. C60 is a molecule of 60 carbon atoms in the molecule, it looks like soccer, aka football so en. C60 is a simple combination of carbon atoms to form a stable molecule, it has 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of them as regular pentagons and 20 hexagons is positive. The relative molecular mass of about 720. Carbon atoms in the vertices adjacent carbon atoms in the vertices with the formation of sp2 hybrid orbitals overlap σ bond, each carbon atom of the three σ bonds are the edges of a pentagon and two hexagons side. Three σ bonds of carbon atoms are not coplanar, the bond angle of about 108 ° or 120 °, so the whole molecule is spherical. Each carbon atom with the rest of the formation of a p orbital overlap with 60 π electrons of a closed shell electronic structure, so in spherical cages outside the cage and all around the π electron cloud. Molecular orbital calculations show that football has a large en delocalization energy. C60 has a metallic luster, there are many excellent properties, such as superconductivity,
air force one shoes, strong magnetic, high pressure, chemical resistance, in the optical, electrical and magnetic fields of potential applications. Carbon nanotubes are typical of the fullerenes, also known as nanotube is a tubular structure of the carbon atoms cluster around a few nanometers in diameter, about a few microns. According to theoretical calculations, the strength of carbon fiber is 100 times that of steel, while the quality of steel is only 1 / 7, if made of carbon fiber, will be the ideal lightweight high-strength materials. Carbon storage capacity also has a strong, hydrogen fuel cells in the device. Stick model of the structure and composition of the
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C60 is a carbon atom clusters. It has to determine the composition of the 60 carbon atoms like a football, the 32-sided, including the 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. Because of this structure is being proposed by architects Fuller (Buckminster Fuller) for inspiration. Fuller had designed a form with the hexagons and pentagons of the spherical shell structures. So scientists called football en C60, also known as fullerenes, because the surface of the body 32 on each vertex of the three other carbon atoms with the adjacent carbon atoms. As each of the benzene ring carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized. p orbital in the ring, the π bond formed by the same angle on the football ene carbon atoms of each are also to meet the requirements of sp2 hybridization, (similar to the naphthalene ring on the two non-hydrogen atoms of carbon atoms) the remaining p C60 molecules in the outer orbit and the cavity forming π bond. So C60 is a ene. Because C60 is graphite, diamond allotropes, some scientists think of graphite as raw materials with cheap synthetic C60, some people think it contains elements of the structure of benzene, benzene may be used as raw material synthesized C60. Finally, these ideas are true. Now,
nike air force 1 high, 1000g 3gC70 benzene and C60 can be obtained by a mixture of (their ratio is 0.26 ~ 5.7). Seven Wonders of the coincidence of nature, the 60 C atoms arranged in space, the formation of a spatial arrangement of chemical bonds of the most stable position, just with the football the same arrangement of the surface of cells. Discovery and research
C540
C60 discovery begins in the field of astronomy research, scientists widely distributed among the first stars became interested in the carbon dust. Scholars have found that interstellar clouds of black carbon dust contained in the structure of the short chain molecules composed of atoms, but also some scholars believe that the clouds are red giant stars from the carbon group generated, theoretical astronomers speculate The soil dust contains carbon black particles present. Crow was off to the UK have proved the red giant carbon molecular structure of interstellar dust containing several carbon molecules was confirmed. The United States and Germany carat Hoffman also produced its Mozambique like dust in the universe. They will be burned with coal black material left over after the comparison, substances found in the gasification experiments in the UV absorption of the traces left behind a clear and known as the Cole later by the United States, the history of the Crow Mo Levin and the United Kingdom explained that the phenomenon off the ground and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. C60 is the history of Rice University in Houston Mo Lai (Smalley, RE) such as Croatia and England off (Kroto, HW) Fireworks Act 1985 and formally proposed the obtained. They make high-power laser vaporization of graphite bombarded with helium pressure 1MPa have ultrasound, so that the laser beam by gasification of carbon atoms into the vacuum through a small nozzle expansion, and quickly cooled to form a new carbon molecules, resulting in the C60. The composition and structure of C60 has been mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis proved by experiments. In addition, like C60, C70 and many other molecules have also been found. In addition to C60, but with a closed cage-like structure may also have C28, C32, C50, C70, C84 ... ... C240, C540, etc.,
air force one low, collectively known as fullerenes (Fullerene). In mathematics, the structure of fullerenes is to composed of pentagons and hexagons face convex polyhedron. The smallest fullerene is C20, with the construction of the dodecahedron. 22 vertices of the fullerene is not. C2n fullerenes there after, n = 12, 13, 14 .... Fullerenes in the some minor, there is a pentagon adjacent structures. C60 is the first no adjacent pentagon fullerenes, the next one is C70. In the higher fullerenes in general to meet the isolated pentagon rule (Isolated pentagon rule, IPR), ie n> 12 when there is no adjacent pentagon structure. Department of Chemistry and Physics of Peking University research team has developed the C60 molecules. At present, the people and the reaction C60 molecular structure is a growing awareness that it applies to materials science, superconductors and other aspects of studies are in progress. Life Mingkeluotuo C60 and others have been able to outline the molecular structure of C60, Fuller played a key role in inspiration, they unanimously recommended, with the Booker Mini Manchester Fuller (Buckminster Fuller) with the name to name a suffix-ene and a series of carbon clusters C60, known as Buckminsterfullerene, called Fullerene, the translation of the fullerenes. Why in the Fuller's followed by a suffix-ene? This is taking into account the C60 molecules and benzene and its derivatives, as has the aromatic structure, with unsaturated, while in English, with no saturation of compounds are often named with the ending-ene, So we have a Fullerene this name in the translation of the compounds with the suffix-ene-ene is often translated, so, Fullerene the Chinese translation is a fullerene. The C60 molecule resembles the shape and structure of the British football (soccer), it has been aptly called Soccerene (same with the ending-ene), the translation for Fuller's name was also used (Buckminster) the prefix Buck to name, called the Buckyball, in translated as For the C60 and a series of carbon clusters known as ethylene, in the chemical industry is controversial because, according to the principles of systematic naming of organic chemistry, alkene double bond containing hydrocarbons that, while the C60 and a series of carbon clusters are completely elemental composition of carbon atoms, not a compound, of course, not olefin. Therefore, some chemists do not agree to use the name of fullerenes. However, in naming this issue has always been to respect the customary, and perhaps elaborate on them the name of fullerenes has its place unreasonable and could be explored, but due to conventional reasons, and now the books and still are used in the literature Fullerene this name. Said it was suggested that a series of carbon clusters C60 and the also suggested that the All in all, a series of carbon clusters C60 and its naming, the so called contending, but so far, has not a name that everyone satisfied. Physical properties of color and character purple C60 solid at room temperature for the molecular crystal, a weak fluorescence molecular size of the C60 molecule diameter of about 7.1 Egypt (1 angstrom = 10 ^ -10 meters or ten billion of a meter); density of C60 The density is 1.68g/cm ^ 3 Solubility of C60 is insoluble in water and other strong polar solvent, hexane, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride and other non-polar solvents have a certain solubility; conductivity under normal C60 not conductive. Because C60 atoms large enough to put it inside the other and affect the physical properties, and thus not conductive. In addition, the C60 has a large number of free electron, so if the β-decay of radioactive elements can be trapped in its interior, its half-life may be affected. Superconductivity 1991, Hebard (Hebard) first proposed such as potassium-doped C60 superconducting, the superconducting onset temperature is 18K, breaking the organic superconductor (Et) 2Cu [N (CN) 2] Cl from the superconducting the beginning of the record temperature of 12.8K. Rb3C60 prepared soon after the superconductor, the superconducting onset temperature is 29K. Doped C60 superconductors had entered the ranks of high-temperature superconductors. Research shows that such material is crystal Gerry hole to conduction current (similar to the p-type semiconductor), the inclusion of other molecules (eg, bromoform) to lengthen the lattice spacing, but also can effectively enhance its superconducting transition temperature to 117K. Our research in this area achieve a lot, Peking University and Chinese Academy of Sciences Physics, successfully synthesized superconductors K3C60 and Rb3C60, the superconducting onset temperature was 8K and 28K. There scientists predict that if doping and doping C240 C540, may be synthesized starting with a higher superconducting temperature superconductors. Magnetic Alleman (Allemand) and others in the C60 in toluene solution by adding an excess of strong electron-four organic compounds (dimethylamino) ethylene (TDAE), received C60 (TDAE) C0.86 black microcrystalline precipitate, by the magnetic study shows that a non-metal soft ferromagnetic material. Curie temperature of 16.1K, higher than the other organic molecules so far reported ferromagnetic Curie temperature. Because organic ferromagnet in the magnetic memory materials have important applications, so the research and development of C60 organic ferromagnet, especially low-cost alternative to carbon expensive magnet material of the metal magnet has very important significance. Chemical properties of a redox reaction: in the light of the conditions will be the reaction of C60 and O2 epoxide C60O, but the unstable epoxide, when using alumina separation reduced to C60. Second, the addition reaction: C60 hydrogen or halogen with the addition of a single mass. Its will have to fluff ball completely hydrogenated alkyl (Fuzzyball), the chemical formula C60H60 (addition of hydrogen atoms into C60 may also be in the cage outside in the C60.) Alkyl radical R reacts with C60 Adduct RC60, RC60 C60 can generate keys and dumbbell-shaped dimer directly RC60-C60R. Third, the reaction with the metal: C60 reaction with the metal into two situations: one is the C60 carbon cage of metal is placed inside; other is a metal cage at the external carbon C60: 1) C60 carbon cage match material formation reaction. C60 fullerene polyhedron is a closed hollow structure, the lumen diameter of 7.1 angstroms, can be embedded within the atoms, ions or clusters of small molecules to form a new molecule, C60 + AC60 (A). Smalley, who has been found with the C60 generation C60 (A) of the metal are: K, Na, Cs, La, Ba, Sr, U, Y, Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Th and so on. In addition to the metal outside, He, Ne and other inert gases and LiF, LiCl, NaCl and other polar molecules can displace C60 cage. 2) C60 carbon cage outside the bonding reaction. Ohno et al found with C60 bonded metals: V, Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Cu, La, Yb, Ag and so on. Fourth, the color reaction in the C60 can be dissolved in carbon disulfide. Color was purple. Other uses of a nature and used to enhance the metal: improving the strength of metallic materials by alloying, plastic deformation and heat treatment methods, one of the ways is through enhanced interaction between geometry, for example, the carbon in coke dispersed in the metal, carbon and metal exchange in the crystal lattice positions, can cause plastic deformation of metals,
nike air force one, the formation of carbon and metal carbide particles, can make the metal reinforcement. In the reinforced metal materials, C60's role in the carbon better than coke, because the C60 carbon particles than the smaller, more active, C60 and metal dispersion of carbide produced by interaction of the particle size is 0.7nm, The role of carbon and metal carbide produced by the particle size dispersion 2μm ~ 5μm, in enhancing the role of the metal have a large difference. Second, as a new catalyst after the discovery of C60, C60 chemists began to explore the possibility for the catalyst. The electronic structure of C60 with olefins, with transition metal (such as platinum group metals and nickel) to form a complex. For example, C60 and platinum, osmium can be combined into {[(C2H5) 3P] 2Pt} C60 and C60OsO4 · (d butyl pyridine), and other coordination compounds, they are likely to become an effective catalyst. Japan Toyohashi University of Technology researchers synthesized with a high degree of catalytic activity of Pd compounds with C60 C60Pd6. Wuhan University researchers synthesized Pt (PPh3) 2C60 (PPh3 is triphenylphosphine), for the hydrosilylation reaction has high catalytic activity. Third, for gas storage: the use of the unique molecular structure of C60, C60 can be used as more effective than the metal and its alloys and a new hydrogen material. Each C60 molecule there are 30 carbon-carbon double bond, therefore, to open the C60 molecules in the double bonds can absorb hydrogen. C60 is now known to the more stable hydride with C60 C60H24, C60H36 and C60H48. In the control of temperature and pressure conditions, can be simply made with the C60 and C60 hydride hydrogen, which is very stable at room temperature, while when 80 ℃ ~ 215 ℃, C60 will be the release of hydride hydrogen, leaving pure C60, it can be 100% recovery, and was prepared to re-C60 hydrides. Hydrogen storage and metal or alloy materials, the storage of hydrogen with C60 has the advantage of lower prices, and the C60 is lighter than metal and its alloys, therefore, the same quality of materials, C60 of the storage of hydrogen than the metal or alloy to be more. C60 not only can store hydrogen, can also be used to store oxygen. Compared with the high-pressure cylinder oxygen storage, high-pressure cylinder of the pressure 3.9 × 106Pa, are high-pressure oxygen storage method, and C60 oxygen storage pressure is only 2.3 × 105 Pa, are low-pressure oxygen storage method. Use of large quantities of C60 in the low-pressure oxygen storage for the medical sector, military and even the business sector will have many uses. Fourth, for the manufacture of optical materials: Due to the existence of three-dimensional C60 molecules in the highly delocalized electronic structure makes it conjugate have good optical and nonlinear optical properties. If it is restrictive in the practical application of optics can be used as optical limiter. C60 also has a large nonlinear optical coefficient and high stability,
air force 1 shoes, making them as a new type of nonlinear optical materials have important research value expected in optical computing, optical memory, optical signal processing and control aspects the application. Also studied the frequency response of C60 compounds and fluorescence phenomena, based on the optical properties of C60 photoconductive switches and optical glass has been developed. Arachidic acid C60 and C60-obtained mixed multilayer LB films with arachidic acid and record the cumulative effect of optics. Light restriction is also important for eye protection: because the increased intensity of incident light, C60 will reduce the transmission performance of optical materials. The C60 optical limiting based products can be developed optical limit, it only allows the sensitivity threshold of the following (that is, the risk of eye below the threshold) of the light through, thus served to protect the eye from light damage role. Fifth, for the manufacture of polymer materials: the C60 cage structure and function of the special, the C60 functional groups as the introduction of new polymer systems have excellent electrical conductivity,
air force one low nike, optical properties of new functional polymer materials. In principle, C60 to introduce the polymer main chain, side chain or with other polymers to blend, Nagashima et al reported the first organic polymer C60Pdn C60 and from the experimental and theoretical studies it has the performance of catalytic hydrogenation of diphenyl acetylene, Y. Wany reported infiltration of C60/C70 mixture of polyethylene polymer light-emitting carbazole (pvk), the obtained new polymer photoconductor, the light guide with some of the best performance photoconductive material comparable. The photoconductive material in xerography, electrostatic imaging, and optical detection techniques have wider application. C60 doped poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) can be a promising optical limiting materials. In addition, C60-doped polystyrene optical bistable behavior has been reported. VI, Biology and Medical Applications: 1) used in the manufacture of biological active materials: Nelson (Nelson), who reported that C60 has the potential of vole skin cancer toxicity. Bell (Baier) and others that the C60 and the interaction between superoxide anions. 1993, Friedman (Friedman), who predicted theoretically some of the C60 derivatives will inhibit the activity of human immunodeficiency protease HIVP efficacy, and AIDS research is the key to effectively inhibit the activity of HIVP. Japanese scientists reported that a water-soluble C60 derivatives in the visible light irradiation carboxylase to inhibit cell growth and toxicity of the DNA cracking performance, the C60 derivatives used in photodynamic therapy has opened up broad prospects. 1994, Toniolo et al reported a water-soluble C60-peptide injection derivatives may chemotaxis of human monocytes and inhibition of HIV-1 protease have potential applications in both, Huang Wendong, who obtained water-soluble C60-liposomes, found that the killing of cancer cells has a strong effect. Taiwan scientists reported polyhydroxylated C60 derivatives - Fuller has engulfed yeast xanthine / xanthine oxidase generated superoxide radical effect, but also undermine the ability of a strong hydroxyl radical scavenging excellent. C60 molecule using anti-radiation properties of carbon cages will be placed in radioactive elements injected into the cancerous area can improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy and reduce side effects. 2) The anti-cancer effects: C60, after excitation by a high yield of singlet oxygen, and singlet oxygen and the physiological and biochemical functions of living organisms, tissue damage, tumors, and photochemical treatment technology has an important relationship. When the excitation light intensity of C60 to 4000lx the cancer cells by the role of singlet oxygen is close to 100% of the deaths, so they can effectively destroy cancer cells within the cell membrane and mitochondria in endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane of cancer and other important cell structure, leading to cell damage and death. Some studies have indicated that tumor cells can be attached to the C60 molecule antibodies, and then lead with the antibody molecule C60 tumor, can also achieve the purpose of killing tumor cells. 3) other medical functions: C60 derivatives can inhibit the activity of human immunodeficiency protease function. Protease is a human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS, therefore, C60 derivatives in the fight against AIDS may play a role in the study. C60 is also suitable in biological systems act as free radical scavengers, and water-soluble antioxidants, free radicals lead to certain diseases and even cancer of the harmful substances, C60 is expected to reduce the prevalence of the concentration of free radicals in the blood, but also inhibiting abnormal cell growth and disease. Other uses: C60 derivatives C60F60 commonly known as Lithium atoms embedded in the carbon cage is expected to make high-performance lithium batteries. One rare earth element europium embedded in the carbon cage is expected to become a new luminescent material. Water-soluble C60 derivatives of gadolinium contrast agent is expected as a new type of magnetic resonance. Under high pressure C60 can be transformed into diamond, opening up new sources of diamond. C60 and its derivatives may be new catalysts and new line of nano-scale molecular conductors, molecular straw and whisker reinforced composites. C60 and the cyclodextrin, the formation of water-soluble aromatic compound in the host-guest supramolecular chemistry, biomimetic chemistry play an important role. As with the C60 films can be made to do the dentate matrix material combination type capacitors, use it to make than traditional chemical sensor has a sensor size is small, simple, renewable and low price may be attractive sensor of a product candidate. Fullerenes also have memory, can be used as a memory. Elemental carbon mass has now found a single diamond, graphite, C60, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, charcoal, activated carbon, coke and so on. Atlas Atlas entry for more extended reading: 1
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