|
|
mbt shoes shops in fi shoes paypal uk » INTERNET ARTICLE DIRECTORY
f the group. Society is seen, not as a collection of individuals, but as a union of corporate organizations. One of the subjects taught in the upper classes of the <a href="http://www.mytimberlandshoe.com/timberland-6-inch-premium-c-1.html"><strong>timberland boots</strong></a> secondary school is entitled ‘popular organizations’, explaining how mbt uk they function and how to work within them. These organizations are presented as equal to the Diet, and as a branch of the State. ‘Popular organizations’ is a loaded term. It has come to mean ‘Labour movement’, and therefore schoolchildren have been induced to consider the movement as synonymous with the State. Comparisons with Soviet Russia, Mussolini’s Italy or Falangist Spain are superfluous. It is a truism that to change people it is desirable to cut off the past. In the Swedish schools, the study of history has been truncated and the emphasis laid on the development of the cheap mbt shoes Swedish Labour movement. The French Revolution is seen as the beginning of things. Otherwise, the European heritage and the classical background have been dismissed, and an atmosphere created in which only recent decades appear to count. ‘Nothing matters before 1932′* cries a student of political economy at Lund University. ‘The young economists,’ says Professor Gunnar Myrdal, ‘don’t know anything about history, and they don’t care.’ Of course, the antihistorical bias of younger intellectuals is a universal phenomenon mbt shoes clearance , at least in the West. What is distinctive about Sweden is that this bias is, if not exactly shared, at least encouraged and exploited by authority. It is, naturally enough, a Social Democratic aim to steer Sweden to the left. This is expressed in educational bias. A guide for teachers in the higher classes issued by the Schools Directorate suggests how social development may be * The year in which the Social Democrats came to power. 212 The New Totalitarians illuminated by the consideration of authors during the past century. Those recommended are Michael Sholokov, Emile Zola, Richard Wright and militant American negro authors, and in Sweden ‘the socially committed writers . . . Vilhelm Moberg, Harry Martinson and Ivar Lo-Johansson’. These last are mbt discount the proletarian Swedish authors, all Social Democrats. The implication of the phrase ‘the socially committed writers’ is that only among the Social Democrats is social conscience to be found. To propose Sholokov, Zola and Wright as exclusive, and, by implication, approved examples of Russian, French and American literature, is to intimate a socialist interpretation of history. It is, of course, a perfectly valid one; under the Swedish system, it appears as the only valid one. The power exercised by the central authority is profound and detailed, so that the State directs all education. The individual teacher has no independence, and is bound in his methods of instruction and the contents of his lessons by the exhaustive ukases of the Schools Directorate. Headmasters are, scholastically, supercargoes mbt . They have no say over the conduct of teaching within their domain; that is decided in Stockholm. Their function is administrative; they are the agents of the Directorate, enforcing its orders. Since the educational system is Cheap mbts monolithic, control from the top is effortless. A small group of planners in the Directorate establish ideology and methods to be adopted by all teachers, The centre of power is therefore compact and easily controlled. mbt And the teachers, for their part, follow their orders with little protest. By ensuring that the leadership of the Schools Directorate is in their hands, the party has imposed cheap mbt its own ideas, without the approval of the Diet. The director-general at the time of the school reform, Mr Hans Lowbeer, was a militant Social Democratic ideologist; his successor was also a Social Democrat. In this way, party programmes and party slogans have Education in the Service of Conditioning 213 rapidly been brought to the classroom, and incorporated into the body of established truth. Textbooks are severely controlled. They must be approved by a State commission, subordinate to the Directorate, and they may not be used without approval. The power of the Commission is absolute, and, in consequence, not only teachers, but their textbooks are also directed by the State. Official influence is secured even further by the practice of issuing authors with instructions to mbt shoes avoid criticism and rejection. It is known that approval will be almost certain if this guidance is followed, <a href="http://www.mytimberlandshoe.com/mbt-shoes-outlet-c-19.html"><strong>mbt shoes uk</strong></a> and to avoid discussion and change, publishers see that authors comply. In this way, the State ensures that schoolbooks are constructed to its specifications. Centralized control of textbooks has been an invaluable aid to the enforcement of official policy and the undermining of incipient criticism. At one point, the Schools Directorate decided, against the wishes of many teachers and, indeed, the advice of some of their educational advisers, that language teaching should take place by the so-called ‘direct method’, that is, without translations, and solely through the medium of the foreign tongue concerned. To enforce the rescript, only those textbooks were approved that followed the system. The mbt clearance attitude of the government to textbook control was illustrated by Mr Palme, the Prime Minister, at the 1969 party congress. In a speech touching on the importance of ideology in education, and the necessity of eradicating reactionary tendencies from the schools, he quoted a passage from a certain textbook that displayed a non-socialist viewpoint. ‘ mbt lami That book,’ he said, ‘had not been investigated by the textbooks commission’,* implying, justifiably, that if it had it would not have passed. * At the time, the jurisdiction of the commission was confined to the nine-year basic school, and certain subjects in the gymnasium. It did not yet include political economy in the latter, whence the example was taken. 214 The New Totalitarians It is party policy, and the urgent wish of Social Democratic ideologists, to make school textbooks a State monopoly. The reason given is that society has the sole right to decide what is taught to children, and that ‘bourgeois’ evaluations must be eliminated. Only by eliminating private interests can this be achieved. By 1970, the State had mbt shoes discount gone some way towards the realization of this ideal by nationalizing certain publishers, so that it controls about a third of the market at school, and a half at university level. Furthermore, a State publishing house was established, with the ultimate aim of dominating the field. The Minister of Education, in 1969, applied pressure on university staff and schoolteachers to write for the official publishers mbt only. By the definition of its creators, the new Swedish school system is strictly utilitarian. It suggests the abandonment of the concept of education as something that makes the complete man and develops the individual. It appears to have the aim of producing, not independent citizens, but cogs in the society-machine. This is how Mrs Maj Bossom-Nordboe, a departmental chief at the Directorate of Schools, expresses it: ‘Everything in our school system is practical. History has been cut down, because subjects of practical application, and especially those dealing with communication, are more important. Classical studies have been abolished, because they are unpractical and buy mbt shoes therefore unnecessary.’ A comment of some interest on this development was published by a Mr Sven Delblanc in a Stockholm newspaper. The importance of Mr Delblanc is that, besides being a lecturer in the University of Lund in the history of literature, he is also a left-wing writer, and can therefore scarcely be accused of being mbt stockists a reactionary. Besides, he has held lecturing posts at American universities, and therefore brings something of the eye of an outsider. ‘The literature of mbts outlet the Roman Golden Age,’ writes Mr Delblanc, ‘is interesting in many ways. For example, it Education in the Service of Conditioning 215 illustrates how different poetic temperaments react to the State’s demand that poetry shall have a certain political and propagandistic content. Nobody can possibly deny that such a phenomenon is devoid of topicality and interest. mbt shoes australia But in my teaching at university, I cannot expect my students to have more than the vaguest and dimmest ideas of who Augustus was and what he wanted. ‘In the European political and cultural debate, the history of Rome from republic via military dictatorship to the Empire <a href="http://www.dabeat.org/bin/cpg/displayimage.php?pos=-199"><strong>First Choice Travel MBT. We support | FREE PRESS RELEASE</strong></a> has been a classical paradigm. It has not only taught us something about the relation of the writer to the State, but also demonstrated economic and political patterns of development. It has even provided us with a terminology. Our youth are obviously to be pr
|
Linear Mode
