Urban Operations Research (1 )

Chapter The birth of

urban operation since the 90s the twentieth century, economic globalization, industrialization, marketization and the rapid development of information macro background, the Chinese cities of the phase of rapid development, with the socialist market economy and the deepening of reform, how to introduce the market mechanism of urban construction and deepening of reform to adapt to urban development, the government, a major publish of social care.

First, China's urbanization

urbanization is a national or regional level of social and economic development one major symbol, but also a country or region the only way to modernization. Urbanization is present and for a period of major strategic issues, it is not only judge if China can achieve industrialization and modernization of opener ingredients, but also influence the development of major world accidents. U.S. economist Joseph. Stiglitz (Joseph E. Stiglitz) the urbanization of China and the U.S. high-tech, tied for 21st century development process of the two key ingredients.

1, economic development and modernization

Along with the reform and opening up, China's economy entered a period of rapid development, urbanization also will be entered a rapid period of development since 1978, China's urbanization class additional from 17.92% by the time 43% of the city in 2005, the total number increased to 661 from the 193, with 370 million people into city life.
Today, the Chinese economy has experienced 30 years of rapid development, China's social and economic development has reached a new stage, 660 cities had not adapt to urban scale industrialization and urbanization in China development needs. Development of the city below the laws of the globe, when per capita GDP than 1000 U.S. greenbacks, when urbanization into the growth stage, when per capita GDP surpassed 3,000 U.S. dollars, when the development of the region or city will enter the high growth period. Our country's per capita GDP in 2003,GHD Rare Straighteners, has surpassed 1,000 U.S. dollars, ever since, in many cities, the per capita GDP has exceeded 3000 U.S. dollars. This method that the development of the city of our country will enter a high-speed, rapid growth stage. The end of 2002, our national urbanization rate of 37.7%, urban population is 4.6 million, 8 million in rustic districts. Now our country is a 1% year growth rate of urbanization, which means that each year 8 10000000-9 millions of farmers to shift to urban population. Calculated in agreement with this rate, by 2020, urbanization in our country is approximately 60%. What this 60% is a conception? That is the year 2020, our country's urban population will approach 8-9 million. Such a city the size of the new population size is not accustom, paired with the current city infrastructure, city management is not adapt to rapid population growth, so the future of China's urbanization process is coarse and overwhelming !

2, the implementation of national strategies
1996, held in Istanbul in the Second Assembly of the United Nations Human Settlements, said: In rejoinder to the trend of the times, in 2001 approved by the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress, In 2002, the National Congress Party that principles recommended by the urbanization of economic and steadily

3, Globalization and Urban Competitive
globalization (Globalization) concept was born in the twentieth century, 60 years, since the mid-80s, the mushroom of Western developed countries, of
the subject of economic globalization market process and the popularity of WTO rules, also contributed to the city of special note the competition between cities, particularly in improving the downtown of the city's comprehensive competitiveness of the national strategy to become an important alternative.

Second, the problems of urbanization in

present, China's urbanization is entering a duration of rapid development, marketing, globalization and high technology is the wag of shock wag after wave. However, due to the traditional urban planning theory and technology, limited along the planned economic model of the city government behavior and the blind expansion and renovation of urban activities, production the rapid development of urbanization in China yet also exposed numerous problems, although greeted China's urban construction unprecedented prosperity, merely our confusion, anguish and hesitation also increasing.

1, the city lost control of urban development planning character;
planning failure is mainly reflected in two aspects: one is that many urban main plan has even now expired, but the city the scale of construction has been completely broken through the native box. Many cities in the planning target of 20-year 5-year This far exceeded the growth rate projected in front of planning, planning to become a prevalent phenomenon in the failure; the other hand, the implementation of the overall planning process lags behind the planning period. Detailed zoning regulations and control cheap scope, so that the infrastructure can not be rational delivery and mutual assembly, reflected in the repair of the road construction is dug, dug and repair, ordinary people dubbed the city roads should be the placement of zipper.

2, urban and rural planning and institutional fragmentation, Outskirts of construction chaos;
traditional urban planning and management has all been fuzzy concepts such as restrictions on the suburb of the city planning and management is not specific details, accordingly the overall urban planning process can merely be painted into the vacant areas. The tangible work plan adopted by the land management division and divide and conquer approximate, the results of the city suburb have become the

3, planning and construction of development zones out of line with the overall urban planning, self-contained;
various evolution districts, university city, science and technology parks, software parks, tourist resorts, etc. such planning can be independent, dismembered the city master plan, the long-term healthy development of the urban latent problems.

4, historic buildings, urban landscape has been severely damaged;

liberation, of the city's historic heritage with the urban context and the remains of archaic buildings severely harmed by three times, the 1st one is to make steel and steel during the early liberation; second period was during the Cultural Revolution; the third time after the reform and prologue,GHD Hair Straightener, use the Yan

5, urban ecological damage, environmental pollution is serious;
80% of the direct expel of untreated urban sewage, leadership to rural creeks and groundwater sources are polluted; coal-fired emissions, traffic exhaust and dust so difficult to see blue sky in many cities; amplify in municipal solid waste; green illegal frameworks have been eroded; It entire guided to many of our urban ecology has been severely damaged. World's altitude ten maximum contaminated cities in China accounted for eight.

6,GHD Benefit Straighteners, planning supervision and restraint body weakness, severe flooding illegal construction;
more than 600 cities extensive have altering degrees the spread of the phenomenon of illegal construction. Especially in the urban brim, urban agglomeration economies by the effects of radiation, collective land procurement to the development and construction is not, coupled with corruption in collusion with the suburban .

7, urban construction timing muddle, caustic shortage of urban infrastructure construction garbage and repetition coexist;
some leaders lack of knowledge of urban planning and building cities, such as After launching this road ahead, and then fix the error sewer construction sequence, so that many cities sewers, construction waste everywhere, a large number of ecological green space is occupied, the city's declining quality of the surroundings.

8, local planning or coordination mechanism namely not faultless, the orthodox large and smknow next to nothing of thinking still dominate;
still rigidly adhere to some of the planning department urban planning area, This

9,GHD Red Straighteners, similar style of urban construction, thousands of city side;
one-sided knowing of urban modernization and imitate each additional, the blind pursuit of the city larger and current, variable high and variable ocean, sharp in the construction of Large squares, broad roads and massive lawn, elegance office buildings, scenery properties, Europeanization building swept the country.

10, planning and construction of small towns without adequate attention. situation of many small towns
unreasonable, the lack of industry advocate, but the will of the production, prefer than the urban social and economic organization as portion of complicated systems. Thus, development of small towns to the circling villages from the service for party functions.

11, traffic congestion, folk peregrination difficulties.
the an hand, hasty cars and mobile population. Especially after China's approval to WTO, a meaningful reduction in the price of cars into the household motorcar to accelerate further exasperate vehicle congestion leaving; the other hand, the

12, the city is increasing income gap between rich and meager, low-income public housing difficulties still exist.

Third,GHD MK4 Gold Straighteners, market reform and urban planning and construction management

It is in the various problems encountered in the development, strengthening our country ahead the determination of the market economy and institutional reforms. 92 of the CPC parliament clearly pointed out: the goal of China's economic reform often ten to create a socialist economic system. The retinue year (93 years) Eighth National People's Congress was a constitutional amendment to Article XV changed to Party National Congress in 2002 that October 2003, the third plenum passed the
In this manner, urban construction and management must also be in transition as presently as likely, the simplicity of traditional government services and management emphasis has been far incapable to meet this need. With market-oriented reforms, around the transformation of government functions, strengthening public services, urban planning and construction management system has undergone major changes, the government taking all of the traditional management mode and gradually replaced by a market economy, to a decisive amplitude, accelerate the pace of urban development amend the operational efficiency of urban infrastructure, depressed public costing.
But generally speaking, urban reform lags behind farming, manufacture and the reform of propagation industry. And economy growth, social organization, likened to change in the path of urban development, urban planning and construction management of the system, mechanism and mode of lagging behind. In array to meet the environment of globalization and rapid urbanization large-scale urban construction, have to have a state re-establish a market-oriented urban planning and construction management system, strengthening of economy norm, mall supervision, social management and public services, and actively subserve quick and efficacious management of management of urban development, out of a road with Chinese characteristics, urbanization.

Fourth, the birth of

urban operation is in rapid urbanization, the development of market economy and deepening the reform of the historical backdrop and development requirements , the It is China's market reforms in the field of urban development and management of reconnaissance is to occur in the urban construction of a new classification, which the city planning and construction management for China's reform and development of a new path.

5 cities operating practices

1, the practice of diplomatic cities
operations in foreign countries,GHD IV Styling Set, the concept of urban operations has deeper historical basis. From the operational preoccupied.
(1) City
Western enterprise, It is the capitalists to increase productivity, factory laborers living close to solving the housing problem of funding the construction and management of small towns. Originated in the 1790s the city of Paterson, New Jersey, after the mid 19th century in Europe and the United States is widely practice.
(2) commissioned by the French worker
17 century way of the applying of discretionary management, commissioned the construction of the private sector infrastructure such as boats and ports to complement the national fiscal investment. Since the 1970s, the city gradually developed a model widely accustomed in highways, power, telecommunications, cable television, urban heating, waste elimination, sewage management, public car parks and other public facilities construction in the business.
(3) Garden City's commerce philosophy
1880's, the United Kingdom Howard (E. Howard) made the . He pointed out namely the This
(4) the city manager system
1900 annuals since the birth of civic reform in the United States, . Before the late 19th centenary, the U.S. federal administration has been pursuing a laissez-faire policies, resulting in a state of anarchy of urban construction, urban problems convert increasingly serious. 1908, Staunton, Virginia City in municipal reform, in the city in a Well-known theorist Richard Childs of reform aboard this root, the city manager system proposed methodology. In 1912, South Carolina Safari parent Special City will this theory into train, the prim implementation of the city manager system. Since then, this system can develop quickly. 1916, 50 cities have adopted such a system, for of 1996, the implementation of the city director system of city of 3546, accounting as 48% of the total number of U.S. cities. In a population of 25,000 apt 250,000 small and medium cities, more than half of the implementation of this system.
Manager System is an enterprise management system, the city manager is the city's Chief Executive, the Enterprise embark of advisers to corporate management approach, obedience with corporate management programs to administer the city. The implementation of the city manager system, the city has been effective governance.
(5) Since the government re-
1980, according with world government, economic, social and scientific revolution, the development of major Western countries both have been carrying out a large-scale government reinvention manoeuvre, that government system revolution. Reinventing government is not simply a reorganization to streamline the organization, but the concept of governance, principles, structure, behavior and other large-scale reforms to improve government rendition and service quality, and management capabilities through the Government ultimately improve the national competitiveness .
market mechanism, the government and the market incorporate to posture the management of urban entrepreneurs to develop the local economy as the goal, via governance capability.

2, operating practices
Chinese cities in China, the city operating as a long-standing concept in the feudal society that is on the city the concept of urban operations, and history to develop.
founding of New China, reform and development in the elapse, has been using a planned economic system, in such a system, China's urban planning, construction, management, all by the city ​​is a super state-owned undertakings, the Government is the employer, operators and managers, entirely according to plan allocation of urban resources management, which is represented by After 1980, with the economic system reform and the establishment of market mechanisms, the city government everything and scale up powerless, so in the context of rapid urbanization in China large-scale urban construction funding needs, the context of globalization and urban tournament decentralization, the context of the tariff system to implement the plan, China began a vigorous
Throughout the practice status of actions around the city, and its mainly in the emulating 5 modes:
(1) Dalian model - transformation of urban landscape
environmental management (2) Hangzhou Mode - create a land keep hub and revitalize the city of existing assets
(3) Qingdao model - highlighting the city mark to promote the industrial development
(4) Qufu mode - highlight the characteristics and avails of traits to create city
(5) Hengshui mode - to develop transport, distending financing aisles.

With China's economic and social development, the interests of the dominant situation of the city is emerging,