Tranlated by Dr. Bruce Campbell
J. M.: How do you imagine the world in fifty years?
J. M.: With memories like that one we should stop here. But the world keeps turning. Do you believe that the pre-Colombian past has survived so many years of colonization and modernization, enough to define a Latin American way of being,
asics shoes, of feeling, and even of analytic?
Jorge Majfud: A humanist vision considers history to be a person production, which is to mention, a product of the emancipation of its individuals and the diverse groups that have enacted it and interpreted it. An anti-humanist vision asserts that, on the contrary, those individuals and those teams are the outcome of history itself, and their freedom is an fantasy. If you will allow me an false withdrawal within this possible spectrum, where do you situate yourself?
E. G.: At my age, I imagine that in fifty years I will no longer be here. As you can discern, I have a amazing imagination.
J. M.: Speaking of which,
discount tods, what is your narrative technique, that is, your writing habits and behaviors?
J. M.: Yes, somewhat like the royal democracies, from archaic Athens to the United States. But does that mean that history always repeats itself?
II. Presente
E. G.: I frequently receive invitations to attend the burial of capitalism. We know quite well, however, that this system -?which privatizes its profits but kindly socializes its losses, and for whether that weren��t ample convinces us that that is charity -?will live more than seven lives. To a great degree, capitalism feeds off of the discrediting of its alternatives. The word communism, for example, has been emptied of meaning, along the bureaucracy that accustom it in the appoint of the people and by the social democracy that in its label modernized capitalism��s look. We kas long asthis capitalist system is administrate quite well to survive the disasters that it unleashes. We don��t know, on the additional hand, how numerous lives its main sufferer �C the planet we inhabit, squeezed to the last drip �C will be capable to live. Where will we move, when the planet is left without water, without land, without air? The enterprise Lunar International is yet selling plots of land on the moon. At the end of 2008, the Russian multimillionaire Roman Abramovich made a award of a tiny plot to his fiancee.
Interview with Eduardo Galeano
INQUIRIES ON PARADIGM
something pretty alike to slavery fatigue. The books write me, they grow inside of me, and each night I fall resting thanking them, because they permit me to believe that I am the inventor. And having said this I will point out to you that I write each sheet many times, that I scratch out, I quell, I re-write, I cut up, I start over afresh, and all that is part of the great happiness of feeling that what I say is similar to, and occasionally very similar to, what my pages want to say.
Interview with Eduardo Galeano
E. G.: I believe that writing is not a useless enthusiasm. But that generalization, ��intellectuals,�� organico or non-organic, doesn��t look much like the real world. It takes all kinds to make the world. In my case, I can tell you that I go with words, that I am altogether useless otherwise, and that is the only thing that I do all but well, and that it seems to me, based on my own and other��s experience, that the perform of reading is a mystery, and sometimes pregnant, ritual of communion. Anyone who reads something that is really worth the trouble, does not read with impunity. Reading one of those books that breathe when you put them to your ear, does not depart you untouched: it changes you, even if I were you a little bit, it integrates something to you, something that you did not know or had not imagined, and it invites you to seek, to ask questions. And more,
supra shoes for sale, still: sometimes it can even help you to discover the true meaning of words betrayed by the dictionary of our times. What more could a critical consciousness want?
J. M.: Does an correction of our present prevaricate mainly in the deepening of humanist amounts from the European tradition, or in a revaluation of a lost origin in the ��peripheral�� nations?
Eduardo Galeano: Based on what I have experienced in my life, I have the impression that we make the history that makes us. When the history that we make comes out winding, or is usurped by the few amid us who rule, we blame it on history.
J. M.: Your latest book Espejos (Mirrors) represents an exertion that is either creative and archeological and covers a vast geographic and temporal space. Which phases of history do you believe would obtain first award for oppression and injustice?
II. Present
E. G.: My style is the result of many years of writing and wiping. Juan Rulfo used to differentiate me, showing me one of those pencils that you now almost never see: ��I write with the graphite in the front, but I write more with the behind part, where the eraser is.�� That is what I do, or I try to do. I try to always say more with fewer.
J. M.: Are cruelty and injustice the greatest agitations for the literature of Eduardo Galeano?
I. Past
E. G.: The sole survivor? Uy! I would dead of boredom. Perhaps I would write anyhow, because I have the vice, yet book for not is worse than dancing with your own sister. Onetti got mad by me an night while I committed a juvenile insolence. He told me that, namely he wrote for himself, and I proposed to carry to the Post Office because him those letters for Juan Carlos Onetti, Gonzalo Ram��rez Street, Montevideo, etc., etc. He got pissed off. He got pissed off for he was lying, and he knew it quite well. Anyone who publishes what they write, writes for others.
J. M.: Onetti once said that he wrote for himself. Would Galeano write if he had the bad fortune to be the sole survivor of a world-wide catastrophe?
III. Futuro
E. G.: I have no regrets. I am also the amount of all the times I put my foot in my mouth.
J. M.: But present-day writers tend to avert that word, ��intellectuals.�� Why?
III. Future
E. G.: Who knows how many worlds there are in the world, and how many times there are in time. History hikes with our feet, but sometimes it walks very slowly, and sometimes it seems motionless. At any rate, when the changes get cracking underneath, from down in the depths, sooner or afterward they find their way, at their own pace. From below, I mean, from the foot, like in the Zitarrosa melody. The only things made from on are wells.
E. G.: If I were a vocational prophet, I would die of hunger. I��m not even right in soccer, and that is something I know something about. All I can say to you is what I can see: China is putting into practice a successful composition of political dictatorship, in the antique communist style, with an economy that functions at the service of the capitalist world market. China can accordingly cater an exceedingly low workforce to U.S. undertakings like Wal Mart, which bans unions.
E. G.: There are too many favorites in that competition.
J. M.: What is the greatest peril of scientific progress in communication?
By Dr. Jorge Majfud
J. M.: What character do ��non-organic�� intellectuals fulfill in society
today? Do they continue to be, at fewest a few of them, a critical and provocative force?
E. G.: In communication, and in everything else. Machines are no angels, but they are not to blame for what we do with them. The greatest danger lies in the possibility that the computer can program us, just like the car drives us. With frightening ease, we become instruments of our instruments.
January 2009
E. G.: She doesn��t want to repeat herself, she doesn��t like that one morsel, but very constantly we necessitate her to. To give you a very current instance, there are parties who come into the administration promising a agenda of the left, and they air up repeating what the right wing did. Why don��t they let the right continue doing it, since they have the experience? History grows bored, and democracy is discredited, when we are invited to choose among one and the same.
E. G.: I have no mind, but it is major to remember that the typography press was not connate in the 15th century. The Chinese had invented it 2 centuries earlier. In reality, the three inventions that made the Renaissance possible were all Chinese inventions: the typography press, the compass, and explosive. I don��t know if today pedagogy has improved, but ahead we used to study a universal history reduced to the history of Europe. From the Middle East, nought or almost naught. Not a word about China, nothing about India. And about Africa, we only knew what instructor Tarzan educated us, and he was never there. And about the American past, about the pre-Colombian world, some little folkoric thing, a few colored feathers�� and ciao.
Translated by Dr. Bruce Campbell
J. M.: Perhaps he intends to be the first man to give a piece of the moon to his wife, which turns out to be a variety of romantic capitalism. Do you believe that if China, for instance, had a hegemonic economy it would fast chance a current dynasty, colonialist and dominating like anyone other empire?
E. G.: Fatalisms are solacing, they allow you to sleep soundly, fate is inscribed in the stars, history moves along by itself, don��t be bitter, one must either accept it or adopt it. Fatalisms lie, because if life is not an venture in freedom, someone should come and explain to me if alive is worth the trouble. But notice: the enlightened ones lie also, the choose few who are attributed the power to change reality by touching it with their wizardry wand: and if reality does not abide me, it doesn��t deserve me.
E. G.: Condemned, we are not. Fate is a dare, although ahead of sight it might seem to be a swear.
E. G.: The European tradition is insufficient. We Americans are the children of many moms. Europe yes, but there are also other moms. And not merely the Americans. All the little humans, everybody is many more than what they believe they are. But the mundane rainbow will not shine, in all its brilliance, as long is it continues to be mutilated by racism, machismo, militarism, elitism and all those isms that renounce us the fullness of our diversity. ?And by the direction, it is fitting to illuminate that the humanist values of the European tradition were developed while Europe was exterminating indigenous people in the Americas and selling human meat in Africa. John Locke, the philosopher of freedom, was a shareholder in a slave-trading enterprise.
E. G.: It happened to me years antecedent, in a truck that was intersection the upper Paran��. Except for me, everyone was from that zone. Nobody spoke. We were packaged closely together, in the bed of the truck, bouncing around. Next to me, a very poor matron, with a babe in her weapon. The baby was scalding up with fever, tearful. The woman just said that she needed a medic, that elsewhere there had to be a physician. And finally we arrived somewhere, I don��t know how many hours had gone by, the infant hadn��t called for a long time. I helped that matron obtain down off the truck. When I picked up the baby, I saw that it was die. The killer who had committed this cruelty was an whole system of power, and was nor in prison nor travelling nigh on rickety old trucks.
J. M.: Why do you think our times will be remembered in the centuries to come?
J. M.: If the period of modern revolutions, that is, of unexpected and raging revolutions has passed, is it progression or resistance that is the better alternative in our times?
J. M.: Speaking of which, on the most recent ��black Friday,�� the one day of the year that the massive retail necklaces in the U.S. sell at price, an avalanche of shoppers couldn��t await for the gates to be opened at one of those Wal Marts and it ran over an hireling. The male was crushed to death�� Despite entire of this absurdity, tin we consider that humanity finds itself in an improved state of individual rights and of collective conscience? What is best about our times?
J. M.: What would you do differently if you had the experience and chance to do it bring an end to ...again? What does Eduardo Galeano regret?
E. G.: For centuries, the gods have come, who knows how, from the American elapse and from the African jungle and from everywhere. Many of those gods voyage with other names and use counterfeit passports, because their religions are called superstitions and they persist to be condemned to the underground.
J. M.: One mutual unit of committed literature, of the revolutionary utopias up until the seventies, from the years prior to the dictatorships in South America, seems to be happiness. As an example to illustrate this we could make an display of photographs of the severe faces of the Pinochets,
cheap vibram kso, on one side, and of the smiling faces of the Che Guevaras on the other. Does a linkage exist between the ��aesthetics of sadness�� of the literature of the 20th century and society��s conservative forces? In what degree is happiness, the Epicureanism of which Amerigo Vespucci spoke with reference to a decisive picture of natural Americans, subersive?
E. G.: I have not timetables. I don��t make myself write. In Santiago, Cuba, an old drummer, who played like the gods, taught me: ��I play�� �C he told me �C ��when my hand itches.�� And I paid attention. If I don��t itch, I don��t write. In literature, like in soccer, when the happiness turns into responsibility, it becomes
E. G.: No. If that were the case, I would have already fallen ill from unmitigated sorrow. Luckily I am a busybody, quaint by birth, and I am always questing out the third bank of the rill, that recondite area where humor and panic meet.
J. M.: In this outlook there is no room for materialist determinism or for any kind of religious fatalism��
J. M.: As a writer and as a reader, what kind of reading occupies most of your time these days?
E. G.: Will be remembered? Will there be centuries to come? May God hear you, and if God is unconcerned, may the Devil hear you.
E. G.: I will question for myself, no in the name of ��writers,�� which is also a dubious generalization. I write ambitioning to talk and express myself in a language that issentipensante (feeling-thinking), a very accurate word taught to me by fishermen of the Colombian beach of the Caribean sea. ?And for that reason, precisely for that cause, I don��t like at all to be phoned an mastermind. I feel favor I am thereby turned into a bodiless head, which is likewise an uncomfortable situation, and that my reason and sentiment are being divorced from one another. One supposes that an intellectual is something learned of knowing, but I rather something capable of comprehending. A cultured human is not somebody who accumulates more wisdom, because then there will be nobody more cultured than a microcomputer. A cultured person is someone who knows how to listen, to listen to others and hear to the thousand and one voices of the normal world of which we are a part. In array to speak, I listen. I write on a round-trip cruise, I pick up words that I return, stated in my usage and manner, to the world from which they come.
J. M.: Are we witnessing the end of capitalism, of a paradigm based on consumerism and monetary success, or is this simply one more emergency which will all over strengthening the system itself, the same hegemonic civilization?
J. M.: Your writings after the military dictatorships in Uruguay and Argentina, after exile, are assorted in manner. Or maybe they deepen one characteristic: your stare continues creature that of a non-conformist riot, but your voice becomes more lyric. If I remember correctly, it was Jean-Paul Sartre who said that a writer��s technique transmits his concept of the world. How would you define your style? Does it reflect your knowledge of the world or, perhaps, your aspirations approximately it, or is style someone fortuitous, a form of act things that comes from a history of aesthetics, from an inspire of the youngster years?
E. G.: I will return to the Colombian coast, and I will tell you that there, the worst insult is amargao (a bitter person). Nothing worse can be said to you. And not without reason, because after all, there is nothing in the world that doesn��t deserve to be laughed at. If the literature of denunciation is not, at the same time, a literature of celebration, it distances itself from life as lived and puts its readers to sleep. Its readers are assumed to burn with resentment, but they are nodding off instead. It frequently occurs that the literature that demands to speak to the people, only speaks to those who are already argued. Without taking any hazards, it seems more like masturbation than the act of adore, even whereas according to what I have been told the act of adore is better, because one gets to know people. Contradiction moves history, and the literature that truly stimulates the stamina of social change helps us to find the secret suns that every night conceals, that human feat of laughing in the face of the testify. The Judeo-Christian heritage, which so compliments anguish, does not help much. If I remember correctly,
ghd iv mini styler, in the entire Bible not a unattached smile is heard. The world is a vale of tears, the ones who suffer the most are the chosen ones who climb to Heaven.
J. M.: Okay, more to the point, could you sum up cruelty in an image, in a situation that you have experienced?
I. Past
E. G.: I read everything, starting with the wall that attach my treads via the avenues of the cities.
J. M.: Eduardo, do you trust the world will migrate in the instruction of a greater balance of its geographical, social and cultural departments or, on the inverse, are we condemned apt reiterate the same fashions of what we today consider physical and moral violence?
J. M.: Can we liken the appearance of the Internet with the revolution produced by the publishing reception in the 15th centenary?
E. G.: In the 20th century, justice was sacrificed in the name of freedom, and freedom was mashed in the name of judge. Our time is now the 21st century, and the best it has to offer is the challenge it presents: it invites us to fight to help the reunion of freedom and righteousness. They want to live real close to every other, back to back.
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