Organic Chemistry

organic chemical compounds, also known as carbon is to study the structure of organic compounds, properties, preparation of disciplines, is a very important chemical in a branch. Carbon compounds known as organic chemists because in the past that the carbon material must be from biological (organisms) before manufacturing; However, in 1828, the German chemist Friedrich Weller, in the laboratory successful synthesis of urea (a kind of biological molecules), and since then they break away from traditional organic chemistry defined by the extended carbon materials for the chemical.
directory
A Brief History of the development of modern organic chemistry organic chemistry organic chemistry research during the main physical organic chemistry of natural organic chemistry organic chemistry organic chemistry research methods courses


organic chemistry (third edition, Qiyi editor)
A Brief History of the Development of Organic Chemistry At that time as Conditions as science, organic chemistry is the object of study can only be extracted from natural plant and animal organisms, organic matter. Thus, many chemists believed that due to the presence in vivo, so-called In 1824, German chemist Wheeler obtained from acid hydrolysis of cyanide; 1828 he inadvertently made by the method of heating ammonium cyanate into urea. Ammonium cyanide and cyanate are inorganic compounds, organic compounds are oxalic acid and urea. Wheeler's results give Thereafter, acetic acid and other organic compounds have been made from carbon, hydrogen and other elements of synthesis, Since the improvement and development of synthetic methods, more and more organic compounds continuously synthesized in the laboratory, where most of the body with the biological synthesis under conditions very different out. From the early 19th century, the concept of 1858 before the bond is made of organic chemistry infancy. During this period, many organic compounds have been isolated, prepared by a number of derivatives, and they made a qualitative description, recognizing the nature of some organic compounds. French chemist Lavoisier discovered that combustion of organic compounds, carbon dioxide and water. His work for the quantitative analysis of organic elements in the foundation. In 1830, German chemist Liebig developed the carbon and hydrogen analysis, the Duma in 1833 established a French chemist nitrogen analysis. The quantitative analysis of organic chemists to seek the establishment of the empirical formula of a compound. Organic molecules at the time resolve how the atoms are arranged and combined with the issue, encountered great difficulties. Initially, the chemistry of organic compounds using binary that to solve the structural problems. Two yuan, said that a compound with a positively charged molecule can be divided into parts and parts with a negative charge, the two together by static electricity. According to some early chemical reactions that chemists, organic molecules in the reaction by the group and remain unchanged from the change in the reaction by groups with opposite charges of static electricity. But the doctrine itself is a great contradiction. Categories by French chemist Gerard and Laurent established. The organic compounds that are denied by the positively charged and negatively charged groups formed, and that the occurrence of organic compounds that can be replaced by the parent compound derived, which can be classified according to the parent compound. Types of organic compounds that by the many different types of classification, according to their type can not only explain some properties of compounds, but also predict some new compounds. But the types of structures of organic compounds that can not answer questions. This issue has become plagued people for many years a mystery. Valence bond theory from the 1858 establishment of the 1916 bond introduction of electronic theory, only solved this puzzling mystery, a classic organic chemistry during this period. In 1858, German chemist Kekule and the British chemist Cooper and put forward the concept of bonding, and the first time dash They think that organic molecules formed by a combination of atoms through bond. Since all known compounds, a hydrogen atom can only atoms with a combination of other elements, hydrogen to select the unit price. Valence of an element is to work with this combination of elements of an atomic number of hydrogen atoms. Kekule also proposed that a molecule of carbon atoms combined with each other in this important concept. 1848 Louis Pasteur isolated the two tartaric acid crystals, a semi-crystalline to the left side, a half of a grain to the right. The former can rotate plane polarized light to the left, and the latter to make the right rotation, the angle the same. In the study of lactic acid also encountered a similar phenomenon. To this end, in 1874 the French chemist chemist Fan Tuofu Rebel and the Netherlands were to propose a new concept: isomers, satisfactorily explain this heterogeneous phenomenon. They think: a three-dimensional solid elements, the four carbon bond is symmetric in space, pointing to the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron, the carbon atoms are located in the center of the tetrahedron. When the carbon atom with four different atoms or groups connected to a pair of isomers, their physical and mirror each other, or left and right hand of the relationship between the optical isomers of the compound each other. Rebel and Fantuo Fu theory is the basis for organic chemistry stereochemistry. 1900 The first radical, triphenylmethyl radical was found, this is a long-lived free radicals. The existence of unstable free radicals was confirmed in 1929. During this period, and the reaction of organic compounds in structure determination and classification have made great progress. However, only a chemist bonding experience derived from a concept, the nature of bonds outstanding. Modern physicists found in organic chemistry during the electron, and clarify the basis of atomic structure, Lewis and other American physical chemist who in 1916 proposed valence electron theory. They think: the interaction of outer electrons of each atom is to cause the atoms together. Outer electron interactions, such as from - one atom to another atom, the formation of ionic bonds; two atoms share outer electron if, the formation of covalent bonds. Or shared via electronic transfer, the interaction of the outer electrons of atoms are given an inert gas electron configuration. In this way, the image valence notation used to denote a short bonding scheme After 1927, Heitler and London, quantum mechanics, dealing with the molecular structure, the establishment of a valence bond theory, and proposed a mathematical model of chemical bond. Later Mulliken molecular orbital theory to deal with the molecular structure, the results of the electron theory of valence bond proceeds broadly consistent with, the calculation is simple to solve many problems can not be answered at that time. Research in organic chemistry between organic compounds and inorganic compounds, there is no absolute boundaries. Organic chemistry as a reason to become independent subject, is that organic compounds do have their inherent links and features. Carbon in the periodic table of elements which, generally through sharing with other elements of the atomic outer electrons to achieve stable electronic configuration (ie, covalent). The covalent binding mode determines the characteristics of organic compounds. Most organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen,skechers shape ups, nitrogen, oxygen several elements, a few also contain halogen and sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen and other elements. Thus most of the organic compounds with low melting point, can burn, soluble in organic solvents and other properties, which is the nature of inorganic compounds are very different. More carbon atoms in organic compounds containing molecules, the carbon atoms combine to form the molecular skeleton of each other, other elements of the atoms connected to the frame. In the periodic table, there is no other element can be like a carbon as a solid in many ways integrated with each other. Molecules formed by the skeleton of carbon atoms in many forms, including straight chain, branched chain, ring and so on. The early stages of development in organic chemistry, organic chemistry is the main raw material for industrial action, plants, organic chemistry major research driven, separate the organic compounds in plants. 19th century to early 20th century, gradually turned into organic industry as the main raw materials of coal tar. The discovery of synthetic dyes, the dye, the pharmaceutical industry flourish, and promoted on the aromatic compounds and heterocyclic compounds. 30 years later, the organic synthetic raw materials for acetylene rise. Before and after 40 years, organic industrial materials was gradually changed to oil and natural gas, development of synthetic rubber, synthetic plastics and synthetic fiber industries. As oil resources will become increasingly depleted, with coal as raw materials for organic industry is bound to re-development. Of course, the natural animals, plants and micro-organisms is still an important object of study. The main natural organic chemistry of natural organic main component of natural organic compounds, synthesis, structure and performance. Early 20th century to 30 years, has identified a single sugar, amino acids, nucleotides, cholic acid, cholesterol and certain terpenoid structure, the composition of peptides and proteins; 30 to 40 years, identified a number of vitamins, steroids hormone, polysaccharide structure, completed a number of steroid hormones and vitamin study the structure and synthesis; 40 to 50 years before and after the discovery of penicillin and some other antibiotics, completed the structure determination and synthesis; 50 years to complete some of the steroids compounds and total synthesis of alkaloids such as morphine, oxytocin and other biologically active peptide synthesis, to determine the chemical structure of insulin, discovered the spiral structure of proteins, DNA's double helix structure; 60 years completed the total synthesis of insulin and low polynucleotide synthesis; 70's to early 80s, were prostaglandins, vitamin B12, insect pheromone synthetic hormones, nucleic acids and American board determined the structure of lignin and completed their total synthesis and so on. The main aspects of organic synthesis from simpler compounds or elements by chemical reaction of organic compounds. 19th century, 30 years of urea synthesis; 40's synthesis of acetic acid. Then gradually synthesized acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid and a series of organic acids; half of the 19th century a variety of synthetic dyes; the 20th century, DDT was synthesized 40 years and organic phosphorus pesticides, organic sulfur fungicides , herbicides and other pesticides; 20th century, the synthesis of 606 agents, 30 to 40 years, synthesis of over one thousand sulfa compounds, some of which can be used as drugs. Physical Organic Chemistry Physical chemistry is the quantitative study of organic compounds structure, reactivity and reaction mechanisms of the subjects. It is the valence electron theory, based on the reference to modern physics, physical chemistry and quantum mechanics, new progress and develop. 20 to 30 years of the 20th century, through the reaction mechanism studies, the establishment of the new system of organic chemistry; conformational analysis of the 50's and Hammett equation semi-quantitative estimate of the beginning and structure reactivity relationship; 60 years appeared molecular orbital symmetry conservation principle and the frontier orbital theory. Organic analysis of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. 19th century, 30 years to establish a carbon, hydrogen and quantitative analysis; 90 established a quantitative analysis of nitrogen; organic compounds in the analysis of various elements of the constants in the 19th century has basically complete; 20th century, 20 years established organic micro-quantitative analysis; 70 years appeared automated analytical instruments. As science and technology, organic chemistry and mutual penetration of various disciplines to form the edge of many branches of disciplines. Such as bio-organic chemistry, physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, marine chemistry and so on. Research methods of organic chemistry research means the development of organic chemistry has gone from manual to automated, computerized, from the constant to minim process. 20th century, 40 years ago, using traditional distillation, crystallization, distillation and other methods to purify products, and derivatives prepared by chemical degradation method of determination of the structure. Later, a variety of chromatography, electrophoresis technology, particularly the application of high pressure liquid chromatography separation technology has changed the face. Variety of spectrum, spectrum use of technology to enable organic chemists to study intramolecular motion, the structure determination has revolutionized the means of change. The introduction of computer, so that the separation of organic compounds, analytical methods to automated, ultra quantify direction and a big step forward. With Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the reaction kinetics, reaction mechanism provides a new means of research. These instruments and x-ray structure analysis, electron diffraction spectroscopy, has been able to determine the chemical structure of the sample microgram level. Line with computer design and synthesis of the research has also made some progress. First, the future development of organic chemistry is the study of the development and utilization of energy and resources issues. So far most of our energy and resources use, such as coal, natural gas,shape ups skechers, oil, animals, plants and microorganisms, are the chemical storage of solar energy forms. Some important subject in the future is more direct, more efficient use of solar energy. On photosynthesis to do more in-depth research and effective use of plant physiology, biochemistry and organic chemistry of the common task. Photochemical reaction of organic chemistry can be high-energy organic compounds, to be stored; necessary, to use its reverse reaction, releasing energy. Another goal is to develop resources under the action of organometallic compounds fixed carbon dioxide to produce endless there. Organic compounds. Research in these areas have made some preliminary results. Followed by the research and development of new organic catalysts, enzymes so that they can simulate high speed and efficiency and mild reaction method. Research in this area has already begun, in the future there will be greater development. The late 20th century, 60, started the computer-aided design of organic synthesis. The future design of organic synthesis routes, such as the determination of structures of organic compounds will become more systematic and logical. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is to introduce the science of chemical substances (which may involve high school chemistry learning some organic of course). The current classification of organic chemicals mainly on the basis of its decisive role, to represent groups of chemicals that is, the different functional groups to be classified. Can be divided into: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (above hydrocarbon); halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives, amines, nitro compounds, nitrile class, sulfur compounds (such as thiol, sulfide, sulfur phenols, sulfonic acid, sulfone and sulfoxide, etc.), phosphorus-containing organic compounds and other elements of organic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, etc. (The above hydrocarbon derivatives). Concrete is to introduce the system of naming these chemicals, chemical reaction, reaction mechanism, methods of preparation. Chemical reaction which is basically the replacement for the group, could be a reaction, depending on the thermodynamics and kinetics of two factors. The preparation method is mainly through inorganic, petroleum extracts, as well as low cost, easily prepared or obtained the material difficult to substances. Reaction mechanism for groups to leave between the attack and the competition between tendencies. Atlas Atlas entry for more extended reading: 1
book tushulian.com / tushu / mybook.asp? d = zlzjbk657226326
3
http://www.yibuke.com/SalesService.aspx?bid=10001707
Open Category: Chemistry, Science, science, chemistry towards 2.2010 in the red and Dongxian Wu Ma editor of books
directory
1. Book Information Directory Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Introduction Problem 1. Organic Chemistry of book information: horse toward the red, Dong Xianwu editor

Press: Chemical Industry Press [1] Publication Date: 2010-1-1 Folio: 16 On ISBN: 9787122068781 Price: ¥ 33.00 Description of Organic Chemistry book the professional requirements of the different organic chemistry, focusing on the basics, introduction to basic theory, highlighting the ability of students, the language concise, accurate, narrative implemented progressively, step by step, structured and logical, with the characteristics of wide applicability . The book is 13 chapters, contains three parts. The first part of the basic principles, the second part is the classification of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, nomenclature, structure, properties and applications, and the third part is the natural organic compounds. To broaden the students knowledge, each chapter are arranged with knowledge expansion. This material is suitable for various agricultural and forestry colleges teaching organic chemistry books, but also as students of other universities and agricultural chemistry related science and technology workers reference book. Introduction Section of Organic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry catalog organic compounds, the development of Organic Chemistry II, Organic Chemistry and three organic compounds, organic chemistry and agricultural sciences from four methods of organic compounds, the structure of organic compounds II I. Second, the covalent bond theory, the properties of the three covalent bonds, covalent bonding of the fracture mode and four types of organic reactions, molecular interactions between the five molecular structure of the representation theory of section III, a pH in organic chemistry, the proton acid Second base theory, acid-base theory of electron a fourth category of organic compounds, classified according to the second carbon chain, according to classification of functional groups to expand knowledge of organic chemistry exercises natural pesticides - the green of nature is not always the first chapter of saturated hydrocarbons A paraffin section, alkane isomers with the series and the phenomenon of the second, the naming of the three alkanes, alkane structure of four, the conformation of ethane and butane five physical properties of alkanes of six or seven chemical properties of alkanes, alkane sources and the use of a Section cycloalkanes, nomenclature and classification of cycloalkanes Second, the physical properties of cycloalkanes three, four-ring chemical properties of alkanes, cycloalkanes of the molecular structure of five, the conformation of cyclohexane to expand knowledge of eight nitro Cube Problem methane - to be explosives cubane derivatives of unsaturated hydrocarbons Chapter One Section of olefin, olefin structure of two isomeric olefins and named three, four physical properties of alkenes, the chemical properties of alkenes Fifth, important compounds - ethylene alkynes Section I, the structure and naming Alkynes II, the physical properties of alkynes three, four chemical properties of alkynes, important compounds - acetylene Section diene I, II Classification and naming two olefins, 1,3 - butadiene structure III and the conjugated system conjugation IV, conjugated diene of the chemical properties of a fourth terpenes, isoprene and terpenes of law Category II, it is important to expand knowledge of terpenes conductive organic polymer exercises - the future of the material chapter of a single aromatic ring aromatics first section, the structure of benzene II, single-ring aromatic hydrocarbon of heterogeneous phenomenon and named the three, single-ring Four physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons, the chemical properties of a single five-ring aromatics, electrophilic substitution of benzene ring polycyclic aromatic positioning rules for a Section II, naphthalene II, Section III of other polycyclic aromatic Hückel rules and a non-benzene aromatics, Hugh Kerr Rule number two,skechers shape up shoes, to expand the knowledge of non-benzene aromatics polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Exercises - Chapter carcinogenic organic substances in the optical rotatory isomers of Section I, the second polarized light, optical activity and the relationship between molecular structure containing chiral II carbon atoms of the optical isomers of a compound containing a chiral carbon atom compound optical isomers ... ... Chapter VI Chapter halogenated alcohols, phenols, ethers Chapter VII of the aldehydes, ketones, quinones Chapter VIII of the carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid derivatives and substitution of nitrogen and phosphorus-containing organic compounds in Chapter IX Chapter X Chapter of heterocyclic compounds and alkaloids in oil and lipid compounds XII Chapter XIII amino sugars, protein and nucleic acid reference Atlas Atlas entry for more information 1
reference book > 3.2007 in Song Hongrui the book
directory
2. Organic Chemistry Book Information Directory Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Introduction Introduction 2. Organic Chemistry Book Information

Title: Organic Chemistry of : Song Hongrui Publisher: People's Medical Publishing House Published: 2007 ISBN: 9787117089326 Book Size: 16 Price: 40.00 yuan Introduction of Organic Chemistry book is used for clinical pharmacy teaching one of the colleges and universities nationwide. Arranged in the form of the book, using a common fat, fragrant mixed approach, by functional group system, the main line of organic reaction mechanisms organize content so that more systematic teaching. Interspersed in the material a certain depth of thinking questions with each chapter are selected, targeted exercises by doing exercises to facilitate the students to better grasp the content of organic chemistry. This material is also supporting the textbook Organic Chemistry Chapter I Introduction Chapter II of Chapter IV of alkanes and cycloalkane alkenes, alkynes and aromatic dienes Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII of alcohol and ether halogenated Chapter VIII aldehydes, ketones, phenols and Chapter IX quinone substituted carboxylic acid and Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII lipids carboxylic acid derivatives of organic nitrogen compounds Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV of heterocyclic compounds,skechers shoes online, nucleic acid sugar section of Chapter XVI Chapter Seventeen amino acids, peptides and proteins references

OF: Huiping Geshao Hui Yuan Pages: 193 Publisher: China University of Mining Press, ISBN: 9787811079111 Publication Date: February 2008 Introduction of Organic Chemistry Chemistry is a chemistry major courses, is also apply for the examination of such professional graduate courses. HU Hong-Wen editor of More entries Atlas Atlas 4. Chinese Journal of Chemical Society sponsored trends in academic publications. Founded in 1980 as a monthly, A4 version, 72 pages. the main fields of organic chemistry based on published research and applied basic research of the original research results, with review and progress, research papers, research communications, research presentations, academic trends, research topics and other columns. term 5.2010 Atlas Atlas more books on Pan Huaying book
directory
Introduction of the latest book information catalogs the latest book information Title: Organic
School of: Pan Huaying Press: Chemical Industry Press Publication date: August 1, 2010 ISBN: 9787122087355 Book Size: 16 Open Price: 26.50 yuan Introduction of requirements, in accordance with the medical and health classes teaching the basic needs to complete. As the basic structural features of compound points to the fundamental nature of various types of compounds, the basic reaction of the main line of sophisticated electronic theory introduced accordingly, highlighting the functional groups of the relationship between structure and properties. The material on the whole is characterized by simple, basic and not complex covering wide, a total of 16 chapters, of which the first chapter describes the characteristics of organic compounds, structure and other basic concepts; second chapter to chapter are introduced alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, acyclic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons; VI to IX were introduced alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, carboxylic acids and substituted carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid derivatives; Chapter for the three-dimensional heterogeneous ; XI to XV are introduced nitrogen compounds, heterocyclic compounds and alkaloids, sugars, amino acids and proteins, terpenoid and steroid compounds; XVI Introduction to organic polymers for medical use. Determination of experiments, the boiling point of the 6 basic skills test, Preparation of ethyl acetate, etc. Preparation of 3, substituted carboxylic acid and the nature of the nature of 8 experiments to extract berberine from Coptis other two purification experiments. Library catalog first chapter features a section I of organic compounds, organic compounds and organic chemistry II, the characteristics of organic compounds in three, four categories of organic compounds, organic compounds with the structure of a medical section II, the carbon atoms into Key characteristics of two key parameters of covalent three four-representation of organic compounds, covalent bonding reaction of the fracture mode and the basic types of organic thinking and practice alkanes Section Chapter of the structure and naming an alkane,shape up shoes, alkane The formula, with the series and two homologues, the molecular structure of the three alkanes, named for a section II, the nature of alkanes, alkane physical properties of two three-chemical properties of alkanes, alkane thinking and practice important unsaturated hydrocarbons Chapter No. an olefin one, the naming of olefins, heterogeneous phenomenon and structure of the two, the nature of the three olefins, induced effects of four important olefin dienes Section One, two olefins classification, nomenclature and structure of two conjugated olefins chemical properties of alkynes Section I, the naming of alkynes, isomerism and structure of the two, the nature of the three alkynes, alkyne thinking and practice important chapter ring alicyclic hydrocarbon Section I. Classification of alicyclic , name and structure of the two alicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nature of the Section II A, the classification of aromatic hydrocarbons, naming and structure of the two, the nature of the three single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, electrophilic substitution reaction of four-position rule, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Thinking Chapter V Section halogenated hydrocarbons and practice of classification and naming of a halogenated hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon classification II, Section II of halogenated halogenated nature of the naming of one or two physical properties, chemical properties of the third quarter important thinking and practice Chapter halogenated alcohols, phenols and ethers Section alcohol a, alcohol classification, nomenclature and structure of the second, the nature of alcohol three or four alcohol preparation, it is important phenol alcohol II, phenol classification, nomenclature and structure of the second, the nature of the three phenol, it is important for a phenol ether III, ether classification, nomenclature and structure of the second, the nature of the three ethers, ether preparation of four, five important ether, thioether and Thinking Exercise Chapter VII of the aldehydes, ketones and aldehydes and ketones quinones Section I, aldehydes, ketones, classification, naming and structure of the two, the nature of the three aldehydes and ketones, aldehydes and ketones II major quinone one quinone structure and Named Second, the nature of three-quinone, quinone important thinking and practice and replaces the carboxylic acid VIII Section I of a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid classification, nomenclature and structure of the second, the nature of the three carboxylic acids, carboxylic acids important Section of a hydroxy acid, hydroxy acid classification and nomenclature Second, the nature of the three hydroxy acids, hydroxy acids III ketoacid important one, the classification and naming of two keto acids, keto acids the nature of the three major keto acid Thinking and practice Chapter IX Section carboxylic acid derivatives of a carboxylic acid derivatives, carboxylic acid derivatives, named the second, the structure of the three carboxylic acid derivatives, carboxylic acid derivatives, the nature of the four, the second important carboxylic acid derivatives section of a fat and lipids, fats II, III carbonate derivatives of lipid thinking and practice Chapter stereoisomers cis-trans isomerization of a first section, the concept of trans-cis isomerization Second, the conditions generated by trans-cis isomerization three, cis-trans isomers of representation of four configurations, cis trans isomers of the differences in the nature of Section II of enantiomers of a, polarized light and optical activity two, three enantiomers, optical isomers Section III conformational isomerization split one, two conformation of ethane, butane conformation III, the conformation of cyclohexane thinking and practice Chapter XI Section nitro compound of a nitrogen-containing compounds, nitro compounds, the classification and name two, the structure of the three nitro compounds, nitro compounds, the nature of the four, it is important for a nitro amine compounds II, nomenclature and classification of amine II,shape up skechers, amine structure of the three, four properties of amine and quaternary ammonium, and Five quaternary ammonium base, it is important amines and their derivatives diazo and azo compounds III a, b diazo compounds, azo compounds, thinking and practice Chapter XII heterocyclic compounds and heterocyclic compounds, alkaloids Classification Section , name and structure of the sugar ... ... Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV of amino acids and protein body terpene compounds and classes of organic polymers for medical use of Chapter XVI Introduction Experimental Reference Atlas more entries Atlas