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Reprinted from alumni of the user at 23:42 on August 8, 2010 Reading (loading. ..) Comments (0) Category: Personal Diary
The Butterfly Effect
【】 【】 【frog phenomenon catfish crocodile effect of law】 【】 【】 【】 hedgehog rules herding; Law】 【watch
Broken Window Theory
【】 【】 【twenty-eight Law Matthew barrel theory】 【】 【】 【logic cage diffusion of responsibility Parkinson's Law effects】 【】
halo effect
【】 【】 【Hawthorne effect of learned helplessness test witness memory】 【】 【】 【Rosenthal Effect of false sympathy deviation】
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】 【Butterfly Effect Butterfly Effect: 70s of last century, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of the air, said one of the Amazon rainforest vibration of the butterfly wings occasionally, perhaps two weeks can cause a tornado in Texas.
the butterfly effect is that the very small changes in initial conditions continued to enlarge after its future status will cause a very great difference. Some small things can be confusing, and some small things, such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a country is very important to not confused.
today's business, its fate is also subject to the Consumers increasingly believe that feeling, so the brand consumption, shopping environment, the attitude of .... .. the value of these intangible factors will be their choice. So as long as a little attention, we can easily see that some management practices, sound ideas in their companies will appear in this sentence:
name of customer, the only one not satisfied arrogance so you can say only 1% of the failure, but for the customers, he gets 100% is not satisfied.
today, enabling enterprises to change the fate of the The emergence of competition and other news vehicles, businesses sit and worry-free growing potential of micro-monopoly and open competition so that enterprises have to consider all potential factors that affect development.
streamlining, officials laid off, the abolition of welfare housing and other measures to give more and more people away from the traditional security, is followed to decide on their own fate. The combination of organizational and individual freedom is the result: Who can capture the good life
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phenomenon】 【
frog frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its adverse reactions are very sensitive environment, it will quickly jump out the pot outside. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jump out of the pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to be boiled frog died because the water temperature so high that the frog can not stand, it has been too late , or there is no ability to jump out the pot outside.
frog phenomenon tells us that a number of mutation events, they often cause people to alert, and prone to cause deadly it is in the feel-good circumstances, the gradual deterioration of the actual situation, there is no clear notice.
revelation is this: the survival of our organization and the main threat to society, not from sudden events but by slow and gradual process and can not detect the formation. It short -sighted, only to see local, but can not see the big picture, for the sudden change, you can calmly face, quiet place for a big change, but can not detect, and ultimately will bring us even more serious harm! ~
Revelation of the second is: the frog, as if all living things in our lives, we must look to the future, diligent in thinking of new problems, eager to learn new knowledge, can not be too with wine, drunk today
revelation of the three is: today's society is a knowledge explosion, the ever-changing, knowledge also need to constantly update, so we should not blindly obsessed with the status quo, complacent, lazy, if this continues, will certainly be eliminated by the times, there will be faced with the risk of unemployment! The fourth
revelation: we do not simply, only the face of sudden danger, to the neglect of that tiny little slow and dangerous, because little of the kind of slow and small dangerous, is the most horrible!
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【】
crocodile alligator law rule: its intent is to assume that a crocodile bite your feet, if you hand to try to break your legs, crocodiles will also bite you feet and hands. The more you struggle,
爱一个人, the more to be bitten. In the event crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot.
example, in the stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading in the direction away from the market, must immediately stop, without any delay and shall not have any luck.
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】 【Catfish effect
ago, sardines low survival rate during transportation. After it was found that, if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is why it?
Had catfish in to a strange environment, will be to the stirring effect; and sardines found in more than a This problem is solved hypoxia sardines, and sardines, will not die.
When an organization working to achieve a more stable state, often means lower employee motivation, An organization, if there is always a
It is manifested in two aspects, one enterprise to continue to add new blood to bring those vibrant, quick thinking, a new force of young and even the introduction of workforce management, to those complacent, lazy staff and bureaucratic conformist competitive pressure to raise The second is to continue to introduce new technologies, new processes, new equipment, new management concepts, so as to enable enterprises to fighting the tide waves in the market, enhance survivability and adaptability.
catfish effect on the application, there are catfish in effect in the application of human resource management, leadership activities in the application, specifically including the establishment of a competitive mechanism, capable of opening , leading style changes and so on. But I think that catfish effect analysis and application of far more than this. Different perspective of thinking, discover and solve the problem is different.
First, if the representative body catfish leader.
leaders influence others to complete the task that the individual or collective, in the flat box of sardines, sardines, a symbol of a group of highly homogeneous group, similar to their skill level lack of innovation and initiative, overstaffing, inefficiency, the whole organization is a bloated state, and the arrival of the leader catfish (or evolved within the sardines catfish), new broom sweeps clean, straighten discipline, normative systems, transformation process, the rational allocation of jobs and people, financial, material, business has been gradual improvement in the organization, cut down costs, simplify the bloated body, incapable of sardines to be eaten, driven away, there are ability of sardines have a positive incentive, such a thriving scene showing the entire organization, a leader in the catfish under the leadership of the vitality of the entire organization are mobilized, so that the collective power of more powerful, dominate the market, maintain market have a solid foundation.
From this perspective, catfish leaders should have the following characteristics:
1 - act decisively, resolutely: rapid detection of diseases where the stagnant organization, and to cut the Gordian knot, quickly and effectively solve the problem.
2 - their words, the strong style of work: scientific decision-making and to oversee the implementation of decision-making, timely assessment of the effectiveness of policies.
3 - promoting innovative, results-oriented: to promote innovation, create an atmosphere that encourages innovation, from business processes, job design, staff recruitment and allocation, assessment and other aspects of compensation design and reflects the innovative thinking, creative expression of the profits.
4 - need for achievement, forward-looking vision: a short-and long-term development plans and objectives, can foresee the direction of organizational development and human resources and the future of the existing gap, which can effectively identify future talent, cut out drag is not suitable for development of the organization personnel.
5 - System Perspective, dare to change: the ability to observe the inside and outside the organization system from the system changes in the structure and function, we should not only regard themselves as part of the organization (as opposed to fishermen,
air max 95 激安, who are themselves leading catfish sardines, fishermen are the leaders), and should see itself as a leader in small systems, can bring the staff to open the situation, break the routine, making good benefits.
for leadership in the leadership struggle for the common goal of employee groups,
ナイキ エアマックス 販売, if there are catfish characteristics of the leader, then the way to survive is in motion, to stimulate their energy, at least To synchronize the speed and catfish, and to ensure the same direction (business goals), so as not to be eaten catfish to catch up, or pushed by other sardines last suffocated.
Second, if the catfish on behalf of a member of the team.
then it means that new, strange, different, including different views, different behaviors, different habits, because different, will inspire wisdom, a team needs different personalities, different skills and work experience of different people to join, if we are all all-staff, then the team produce imaginative, the possibility of producing high performance is minimal. In the focus on team building, communication to the team today, appropriate to attract catfish to join the team, will give the team a lively working atmosphere, bringing innovation and bring win-win. However, the number of catfish should be controlled, all catfish, then the whole team will be exist, the whole team to foul, so some Japanese companies believe in truth. From this perspective, the team should focus on healthy catfish molecular communication, influence the shape, the other employees deal with the team in the catfish, it should work on the basis of their cooperation.
Again, if catfish content of the work on behalf of people in high spirits.
now many companies, organizational structure and job design is still a subject of a major transformation process, unreasonable, boring, no prospects, monotonous boring job content so that people feel like a bucket of sand crowded the small fish, so there is no passion, do not want to post more, think more in improvements, which slowly formed a collective inertia. If the job enlargement , enrichment catfish effect applied to job design (Jobdesigning), and that the organization's financial contribution is obvious. How restless, passionate work of catfish into the pool of stagnant water in it? This is a difficult learning, it was argued from the horizontal and vertical expansion of the scope of work, deepening the work content, for employees to experience the wealth of work activities, work experience achievements, so that they reflect the face of challenging and exciting nature of work excitement and desire; was advocated increased use of staff rotation in the way of talent, so that they work more joy catfish swim; I maintain that the application of these measures at the same time also pay attention to the character of people and job matching, catfish will to do things catfish, sardines, sardines things to do, post in the work only to have the content of catfish also work with the content of sardine, the most important thing is to find staff preferences, look at those work can allow them to generate power and passion catfish, and only after the match, catfish effects can play its role, or catfish,
▲▲孩子高分高能的法宝 ▲▲, although work is set, only to discover that the work of the staff can not be moved, fighting for, then this catfish has become a dead fish.
From this perspective , the work represents the rich catfish work content, Zequan Li is exciting, challenging job expectations, fresh experience of the other posts and so on. For leaders and human resource managers, whether at work setting catfish work, what level to set in work catfish , will be an organization's strategy.
summary, from a different point of view, the representative of the content of catfish are different, for a practitioner, leadership may be the catfish, then your best efforts to maintain the same direction and organization , Do not swim back, otherwise there is danger of being eaten, always full of passion to the upstream and perhaps one day you become a catfish, a group of sardines to catch up the struggle; your colleagues may be catfish, That and his Competition Competition to see who is surging energy greater; your catfish may also be lower, then the incentive to grow under the same time, do not forget to give yourself enrich my knowledge, maintain a strong development momentum, or you have under the risk of being eaten; your work may also have catfish, it is reasonable arrangements for their own work, prioritize, work catfish swim to the more joy, it is best to stir up work on some level.
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herding herding: sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to follow.
herding stock investment was first a term mainly refers to the investors in the transaction process in learning and imitation phenomenon, the same in a certain period of time trading stocks.
herding theory (The Effect of Sheep Flock)
placed horizontally in front of a stick in a flock of sheep, the first sheep jumped in the past, the second, and a third will follow the jump in the past; this time, the withdrawal of the stick, behind the sheep, walked here, and still the same as the sheep in front of upward jump, despite the roadblocks of the stick no longer exist, this is called The Refers to the management of some enterprises in the market behavior of a common phenomenon. It is due to insufficient information and lack of understanding of the market difficult for investors to make reasonable uncertainty about the future expectations, often by observing the behavior of people around the extraction of information, the continuous transmission of this information, Many people will be roughly the same information and mutually reinforcing, resulting in herding.
herd behavior is the field of behavioral finance as a typical phenomenon in the mainstream financial theory can not explain. Economics often use Sheep is a very scattered organization, usually with the left and right is blind hit, but once there was a sheep to move, the other will without hesitation herd sheep, completely ignoring the wolf or near the front may have at a better grass. Therefore, the
the emergence of herding in general a very competitive industry, but also the industry has a leader (leader) occupies the main focus, then the entire flock will continue to imitate the leader's every move, the leader where to
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hedgehog hedgehog law rule: two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. May be because their body is long with spines, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold, then get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs has finally found a suitable distance: both with each other to obtain the other's warm and was not subject to bar.
hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal relationships in the
French President Charles de Gaulle is a very people who will use the hedgehog rules. He had a motto: This is also profoundly affected him and consultants, think tanks and their relations staff. In his ten years of presidential years, he's the Secretariat, General Office and the General Staff and other private consultants and think tanks, no one's working years to more than two years. His newly appointed chief of staff always say: requirements. This provision is based on two reasons: First, in his view, mobility is normal, while the fixation is not normal. This is subject to the impact of military practice, since the army is moving, not always fixed in one place troops. Second, he did not want This indicates that de Gaulle is a major decision on their own thinking and to live the leader, he does not allow the people around me never leave. Only to mobilize in order to maintain a certain distance, and only maintain a certain distance in order to ensure consultants and staff with fresh thinking and determination and full of vitality, it can eliminate the old course of time their use of consultants and staff on behalf of the President and the Government malpractice.
Charles de Gaulle's approach is thought-provoking and admiration. There is no sense of distance, leading policy-making over-reliance on the Secretary or a few people,
ナイキ エアゼニス, easy to make interference in domestic affairs think tank personnel, and thus make the name of these people under the guise of leadership, seeking selfish interests, and finally pulled into the water leading cadres, the consequences are very dangerous . Comparing the two, or better to maintain a certain distance.
former president of General Electric Company, Stone note in their work very personally hedgehog theory, especially in the treatment of middle and senior management on even more so. And treatment in the workplace issues, Stone never mean the care of executives, but in their spare time, he never asked for a guest home manager, never accepted their invitation. It is this distance to maintain an appropriate management of the business to make common Zhimakaihua steadily high. And employees to maintain a certain distance, not make you high above, it will make you and the staff were confused identity. This is one of the best managed state. Maintained by a certain distance to maintain the principle, this principle of equal treatment for all: both leaders bound themselves, but can be bound by employees. Grasp this principle, it mastered the secret of successful management.
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watch watch Law Law: Law is a person watches have a table, you can know what time it is, and when he has two not being able to determine. Two tables and can not tell a person more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an organization can not be used with two different methods, can not set two different goals, and even each individual can not be two people to simultaneously command, or will the business or personal loss.
the story of the monkey and the table
monkeys live in the forest, when the sun rises every day they go out foraging, when the sun back to rest, the days flies flat and well-being.
a tourist through the forest, to watch a tree fall on the rocks by monkeys in the Smart Meng may
do the Monkey King, Hard work pays off,
but When a subordinate to ask the time, After some time, the monkeys were revolted, the But soon, the new Monkey King is also facing
This is the famous More people watch and can not tell time more accurately, but will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch give us a very intuitive law of inspiration:
for any one thing, can not set two different goals, or they will make a loss; for a person can not choose between two different values, or his behavior in chaos.
a person can not by two or more people to the command, otherwise the person will know what to do; for a business, is not at the same time using two different methods of management, otherwise the enterprise will not development. In this regard
AOL and Time Warner merger is a typical failure case. America Online is a young Internet company, corporate culture emphasized operational flexibility, rapid decision-making, quick to seize the market require that all the objectives for the service. Time Warner to build long-term process of development emphasizes the integrity of the channel and innovative corporate culture.
two companies after the merger, corporate senior management and is not a good solution to the conflict of two values, resulting in staff completely confuse the direction of future development of enterprises. Finally, Time Warner and AOL century marriage ended in failure. It also indicates that, to figure out the time, a travel time table accurate enough.
select only you think is right
two tables and can not tell a person a more accurate time, but will watch the people lose confidence in the exact time. You have to do is to select the more reliable one, try to calibrate it and use it as your standard, follow its guidelines.
Nietzsche's famous saying: choose what you love, love your choice However, many people are troubled, they were
or others in the environment also under pressure against one chose the path I did not like, and therefore depressed life. Even if made the subject of attention of the achievements,
エアマックス+2009, but also never felt the joy of success.
in real life, we often encounter a similar situation. Elective courses such as the two are you are interested in, but teaching time coincidence, and you do not have enough energy to learn another two courses, this time it is hard to choose. In the face of two equally good, equally enamored of your boys, you will certainly upset a long time, I do not know how to do a decision.
career, the location, no clear winner in the two treatment units, you will go from here? Every crossroads in life, we must face the
choice in the face of conflicts, we recommend using The so -called
Psychological research shows that Maybe you can not tell a clear reason, but through psychological unconscious, under normal circumstances can make the best decision to meet the needs of individual psychology. Here that the subconscious, in fact, we often say the first impression.
core philosophy: more choices, more standards will make people confused.
Application Tips: clear goals, without interference; know how to choose, the place is put.
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broken window theory Broken Windows Theory: a house if the windows broke, no one to fix it, repeat it soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, If there are some graffiti has not been cleansed, and soon, on the wall covered with a mess of things unsightly; a very clean place, people are embarrassed to rubbish, litter on the ground but once there, the people will mm do not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed.
Broken Window Theory 1
also called Some people believe that this theory is the 19th-century French economist Frederic Bastiat, as the target of criticism and summed up, saw the famous article, The Hazlitt said that if a child broke the window, people will inevitably lead to replacement of broken window glass, which would make the installation of glass and glass production people started to promote social employment.
Here, scholars to illustrate the children's behavior and the behavior of the government could have consequences, thus completely negating the Keynesian policy of government intervention. The release of this fallacy in the flood, put the earthquakes, put the in the war, it seems very appropriate.
also called the Broken Windows Theory 2
broken window broken window effect, if not repaired, will lead to more broken windows, and even entire building was demolished. By the American political scientist and criminologist Karen Wilson observation summary of the
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Law】 【twenty-eight
twenty-eight law (Pareto's law): the late 19th early 20th century Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important only a small part,
エアマックス イエロー, about 20%, though the majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economic and life everywhere, this is the twenty-eight law.
twenty-eight rules tell us, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the problem, business and management to seize the vital few; to identify those who can provide a 80% profit, the total but only 20% of the amount of key customers, strengthen services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects.
20% ------------------ 80% of people who successfully unsuccessful
20% of the people to make money with the neck above the neck --- ----- 80% less money
20% of people think positive -------------- 80% of negative thinking
20% buy time to ----- ----------- the people who sell 80% of the time
; 20% of people looking for a good employee ---------- 80% of people looking for a good job
20% of people dominate the rest ------- ------- 80% dominated by people who do
20% ------------ ---- 80% of business people to do
20% of people do value experience -------------- 80% of people attach importance to education
20% of people think that actions have results ------ 80% of people think that knowledge is power
20% of the people I want to how to do it 80% of people have money ------ I money, how do I
20% of people love Investment ---------------- 80% love shopping
20% ------------- --- 80% of targeted people love Xia Xiang
20% of people searching for answers in the question - ------- 80% of the people in answer to find the problem
20% of people in long-term perspective ------------ 80% of the immediate
20% of people the opportunity -------------- 80% of people missed the opportunity
20% of people plan for the future -------------- 80% of people only think of the morning doing
20% today, according to the successful experience of the person to act -------- 80% of people according to their own wishes
20% of the people to do simple things ---------- 80% of people do not want to do simple things
; 20% of people do today, tomorrow ------ 80% of people do things today, tomorrow, do
20% of people how to do it ---- - ------ 80% of people can not do
20% to 80% of people taking notes ---------------- Forgetfulness is a good
20% of people who were affected by the success of -------- 80% of people affected by the failure of people
20% -------------- people in good shape 80% of people have a bad attitude
20% of people believe they will succeed ------- ------- 80% of the people do not want to change the environment
20% of people will never praise, encourage -------------- 80% never abusive, criticizing
20% of people will insist -------------- 80% of people would give up
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】 【Barrel Theory
bucket theory: If the length of the composition of the wood barrel missing, then the bucket of water is not determined Sheng was the longest piece of wood, and It depends on the shortest piece of wood .
bucket effect is like a bucket full of water, the same must be flush with each board and no damage, if only in a wooden barrel or a missing block of wood below the hole, this barrel can not be filled with water . Is that a bucket can be How much water does not depend on the longest piece of wood,
Elsewhere, the other side - Qzone log,
ナイキ エアスタブ, but on the shortest piece of wood. Also known as short-board effect. A bucket no matter how high, its water storage is highly dependent on where the lowest piece of wood.
principle known as buckets or short plate theory, buckets short board management theory, the so-called How much water does not depend on the highest piece of wood on the sides of casks, but rather depends on the shortest piece on the sides of casks. According to this core content, Second, as long as the bucket, there are a sufficient height, a bucket of water can not be full.
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Matthew】 【
Matthew:, even he has will be taken from him. Fields. Its name comes from the Bible,
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logic】 【cage
a beautiful cage hanging in the room where the most prominent, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy back on a bird cage. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, they can not help but ask you: kept a bird. Cage logical reason is simple: most of the time people are taking the inertia of thinking. It can be seen in the life and work develop logical thinking how important it is.
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Parkinson's law】 【
famous British historian
North Goode? Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called In his book, agency personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of inflation: an incompetent officials, there may be three ways, first is the application for resignation, the seat give competent people; the second is to make a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way most appropriate. As a result, two mediocre assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. And so on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other, inefficient leadership system.
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halo effect
】 【
famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called Natan Li looks amazing, but with different channel sub-Puhi Jin-Zhi. When the time to write poetry Pushkin read it to her time. She always covered their ears and said: death duel, a literary giant to fall prematurely. Appears in Pushkin, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
the so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In daily life, For instance, some disadvantage of the elderly individual young people, or dress, habits and find it unacceptable to think that they necessarily good for nothing; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, you will see him everywhere lovely, really the so-called Halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the error is: First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics and habits of individual push and, just like Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the surface; the second It is not intrinsically linked to some of the personality or physical characteristics associated with the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it definitely said yes to all that bad on all the negative, which is a absolute domination by the tendency of subjective bias. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect.
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】 【Hawthorne effect a psychological experimenter effect. 20-30 years of the 20th century, US researchers in the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's working conditions, social factors and the relationship between production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiments , said Hawthorne effect.
the first phase of the experiment in November 1924 from the beginning of the working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Increase or control the results regardless of illumination in the experimental group yields are rising, but the same illumination output of the control group also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, can not see these working conditions , there is a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the US Mayo led by Harvard professor, focuses on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that the production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place. Participate in the trial of the workers were placed in special laboratory researchers led by their social conditions changed, the concerns from all sides, creating a feeling of participating, feel that they are an important part of the company, so workers aspects from the social point of view are motivated to promote the production increase.
This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the study and would greatly increase the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our daily lives with others learn to get along and understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, full of confidence!
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experimental】 【learned helplessness learned helplessness effect
earliest Overmyer and West Sigman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. Simply put, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock the experimenter added to it. However, if the dogs are not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior ), when the dog was the chance to escape electric shock, they have changed was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
dog show why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. That is, they realize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will be aware of their inability to change the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness to become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we should study and life in the open their eyes that see the true events behind the decision factors do not make our own despair.
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】 【
witness witness's memory, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that his own saw, heard at first hand what truthfully people who speak out. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs decided to this conclusion more in-depth study. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
they make were shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to tell the degree of confidence in their answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, use the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and the general knowledge of selected issues.
and as happened before, Perot fees can be special and Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness recalled, those confident of their answers than those who do not actually have no confidence people greater, but for general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence.
people in the general knowledge about their strengths and weaknesses with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database, is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct answer, the subjects can go measure. For example, people will know that the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know the event than others, the participants in the memory area hair color better or worse.
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Rosenthal Effect】 【
Rosenthal, American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of the children making a fuss of the In fact, this list is not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on 8 months later, another intelligence test results showed that, the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, It is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the Pygmalion (Pygmalion of Cyprus in Greek mythology, the king, he produced a statue of a girl he loved his desire to eventually make this into a real statue, the two fall in love with.)
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often a positive attitude towards teachers towards learning and their behavior towards the students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often expect teachers to obtain progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions of teachers felt the requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally reduced to the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
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deviation】 【false sympathy
we usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote on their favorite numbers, overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes you have the same tendency of the number of features is called Some factors that may affect your share of this false bias strength :
(1) When an external attribution was stronger than the internal attribution;
(2) current behavior or events when a person is very important;
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that the time;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning be threatened;
(5) When it comes to a positive When the quality or character;
( 6) When you and other people as when they are similar.
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Apotropaic
Linear Mode
