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sandals on clearance mbt shoes store locat ircumstances mbt stockists . It is one of the virtues of a monolithic State of the Swedish type that theories rapidly become consensus, and consensus policy, so that this view of crime has for some time been officially adopted. Lawbreakers in Sweden are, therefore, in theory, not punished for an evil act, but treated for a disease. Their care is considered to belong to the domain of social welfare, rather than criminal law. The rigid demarcation between legal and social spheres has been deliberately softened. It has become the presumption in Swedish law that crime is not the action of a man in full possession of his mbt faculties, but a symptom of mental derangement and, in the last resort, a product of environment. With any offence that carries a sentence of one year’s imprisonment or more, a psychiatric investigation of the accused is compulsory. It may also be invoked where terms down to six months are concerned. This procedure is undertaken before sentence is passed; sometimes before court proceedings begin. Besides the psychiatric examination, there is also a so-called ‘investigation of the person’ which is an inquiry into the circumstances under which the accused has been living, and the company he keeps. If it can be shown that he is unbalanced, or the victim <a href="http://www.salehandbagsbags.com"><strong>cheap dior handbags for sale</strong></a> of a bad Welfare as an Instrument of Control 195 environment, he will be recommended for psychiatric treatment. This may take the place of a prison sentence, either in a closed institution or as an out-patient, living at home, but on probation. It is one of the official dogmas, frequently expressed, that crime is not a matter of personal responsibility but of social influences. This view has not remained the prerogative of criminologists and social workers, but has been accepted by the country at large. When the newspapers report a major crime, they ask, almost without exception, why the man acted as he did. They assume that it was the fault of his family, his friends, his class, his environment, and that if only the circumstances of his life had been correctly adjusted he would have behaved in the right manner. There was an example of this line of thought in the wellknown case of Colonel Stig Wennerstrom. Colonel Wennerstrom, a Swedish air force officer, was convicted in 1964 of spying for Soviet Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment. But he was also given mbt shoes discount a psychiatric investigation of unusual thoroughness. It took almost a year, where the usual time is about a month. No mental derangement could be diagnosed that would save him from conviction as a sane man in possession of his faculties, but the psychiatric board pronounced that he suffered from megalomania, emotional frigidity and asociality which, while not being legally extenuating, were buy mbt shoes an explanation of why he acted as he did. This was included in the official psychiatric report and, as it is the Swedish legal practice, became a part cheap mbt shoes of the judgement. This was a famous example of a form of conditioning and suggestion. The Swedes have been taught for a decade that crime is a form of disease. More than that, they have been taught to regard it as a form of asociality. Indeed, in Swedish law, as it was beginning to take shape at the end of the 1960s, crime is defined not in terms of moral depravity or ethical wrong but purely and simply as asociality. It is not the act, 196 The New Totalitarians but its asociality that is the crime. It is not a long step to the belief that asociality by itself is a crime, and therefore a kind of mental illness. As a result, the man in the street has come to believe that to break the laws of society necessarily implies insanity. But, as he is in logic bound, he has also come to consider all dissidence as a form of mental derangement, or at least the product of an undesirable environment. It is an analogue of criminological theory; the result is that difference can be explained away and, in the long run, the rebel will be impossible by definition. It has become common in Sweden to discredit an opponent by suggesting mental disease or an unbecoming background. It Cheap mbts is, of course, impossible to say dogmatically that this has been ordained by the rulers of the country, but it happens that the trend has advanced with the propagation of the official views that personal responsibility is at a discount and that it is environment alone that counts in human behaviour. Not only has what might be termed a behaviourist view of opposition become prevalent among the general public, but it dominates intellectual debate and the mass media. If somebody departs from the fashion of the day, he will not be given the credit of his opinions, but explained away as the product of an unfortunate environment. <a href="http://www.salehandbagsbags.com"><strong>lv handbags</strong></a> This is particularly true in book reviews. The tendency is to dismiss the rebel in psychiatric terms, with the implication that sanity is equated with conformity. The power of this kind of thinking is reinforced by the working of the law. In criminal practice, a man may not refuse to be treated as a psychiatric case. The authorities, and the authorities alone, decide. To do them credit, most criminals accept without demur. Major trials usually result in mbt shoes australia conviction, but with the rider of psychological disturbance. Seen with English eyes, this provides the interesting situation of a man being judged fit to plead, but not responsible for his actions. But the Swedish public thereby receives the impresWelfare as an Instrument of Control 197 sion that crime necessarily implies diminished responsibility. Very occasionally somebody protests. One convict in an open prison expressed himself thus in a newspaper interview: ‘Why do they have to treat you as a mental case? Look, I did what I did. I chose my path, and I’ve paid for it. Now I want to get on with building up a new life. So why don’t they give you credit for having been a bad boy, and treat you as a human being, mbt uk instead of a mental case?’ He had not been convicted of a crime of violence, but of defalcation. Through the admixture of law and psychiatry, the concept of social welfare in Sweden has been extended to mean the care of the whole man, body and soul (even usurping the functions normally exercised by the law in Western society). The theoreticians mbt of the Social Democratic party and the administrators of the Directorate of Social Affairs see welfare going far beyond the archaic concept of the relief of material distress. They consider that welfare encompasses the care of both the citizen and his relations with society. They see mental health as a vital field, because it can help to produce socially well adjusted people. An interesting experiment was carried out at the end of the 1960s. With the approval of the trade unions, the employers and an insurance company owned by the Labour movement, a mental health campaign was launched among factory workers. It set out to detect stress and eliminate it by group therapy. In other words, it was an attempt to adjust or condition people to an uncomfortable environment. The curious thing about this was that almost nobody in any political camp saw anything wrong. It was rational and, therefore, to the Swedish mind, acceptable. It was left to a few extreme leftwing members of the medical profession and intellectuals to protest. The burden of their complaint was that the experiment was a form of brain-washing. The third stage of social welfare, now being evolved, is the most ambitious of all. From a passive element originally 198 The New Totalitarians designed to correct deficiencies in a society shaped by other forces, it is turning into one of those forces itself. It is to control the planning of society. ‘The whole environment,’ says Professor Rexed, ‘has to be arranged to bring people into the “Welfare State.’ Town planning is already largely determined by maxims of social welfare. The new Swedish suburbs are based on the principle that everybody within them must be physically arranged within the orbit of the welfare authorities. The density of population mbt shoes clearance and the placing of buildings are so ordered as to exploit welfare services economically. The guiding principle is that welfare agents, operating from one or two central posts, must be able to reach everybody within their care with no more than a few minutes’ travelling. To put it another way, the configuration of the Swedish cities is being decided by the radius of action of social workers. As part of this grand scheme of total welfare now unfolding, the medical profession is being reorganized. The aim of the reform is to change the nature of medicine from the treatment of the patient as an individual to that of the patient as a member of society. It will convert the medical profession to the practice of social medicine. Eventually, it will be impossible to mbt discount consult an individual doctor. Instead, a patient will enter a local health <a href="http://www.ecsis.biz/forum/viewtopic.php?p=5265957#5265957"><strong>MBT Voi Shoes -Antoine Walker seeks NBA comeback_3--tods shoes</strong></a> centre which will span the whole gamut of treatment from medicine to psychiatry. The theory behind this is that many physical disturbances may have psychosomatic or social roots, and that the whole man must therefore be treated, not a part. Anybody asking for medical attention will stand the chance of undergoing psychiatric treatment, nolens volens. He may also be given group therapy in order to iron out conflicts of personality. The foundation of this system lies in absolute obedience on the part of the patient, so that he will accept the kinds of treatment allotted by the supervisors. ‘Our aim,’ says ProWelfare as an Instrument of Control 199 fessor Rexed, ‘is to change the nature of the mbt doctor-patient relationship. We are breaking down the simple authority of the doctors, and substituting more of a Freudian influence. In this way, a doctor will appear to be more on a level with the patient, instead of someone above, and he will thereby exert a greater hold. Every doctor will have to be something of a psycho-analyst.’ Obviously a system such as this will make extremely efficient use of the medical profession. It is clearly irrational and a waste of time and resources if patients insist on seeing particular doctors; it makes far better sense to mbt lami move between practitioners as his needs require, and as vacancies occur. On the other hand, the nature of the system will give the medical profession, and therefore the State, a psychological grip on the population. They will doubtless be well equipped to cope with psychosomatic illness. They will also be able to eradicate personal conflicts before they become socially dangerous, and thus, by extension, disarm opposition. This is not entirely idle speculation. A senior official of the Directorate of Social Affairs has publicly admitted that the system, as being put mbts outlet into practice, would give an opportunity of treating rebels as mental cases, thus avoiding potential rebellion in society by psychiatry licensed for brain-washing. He further admits that the health centres, by turning over the peculiar power of a doctor cheap mbt to an organization, would give the State tremendous possibilities for exercising authority over the population. He claims, however, that there will eventually be safeguards without specifying their nature. To carry through a reform of such a profound and complex nature requires a compliant and tightly organized medical profession. The first stages have been designed to bring all doctors into public service. The Swedish national health service was originally conceived as a system of public insurance, with doctors in private practice, and patients recovering fees from the State. This has gradually been 200 The New Totalitarians changed, so that most practitioners have become publicly employed. Then, by a reform introduced in 1970, doctors employed in hospitals were prohibited from attending private patients. Furthermore, the system of health service reimbursement was changed so that, financially, private practice would become unattractive, and young doctors would be forced into public employment. Professor Rexed has said that he ‘has nothing against private practice, provided doctors accept our ideas’. He wants private doctors to go into group practice, working in health centres. In this way, they will in fact be complying with the new system, and only their system of payment mbt shoes would differ. Their manner of working and, presumably, their way of thinking would be the same as those of the public health service. Professor Rexed considers that his main obstacle lies in the reluctance of the profession to follow the new precepts. However, he finds that such opposition lies mainly with the older doctors. ‘The younger doctors, who are products of our new school system, think the way we want them to.’ And it is undoubtedly true that very many young graduates have radical attitudes, and a commitment to social medicine. Furthermore, not a few of the older practitioners, between thirty and forty years of age, also have leanings that way. Now, interest in social medicine and rejection of traditional attitudes are not peculiarly Swedish attributes. The mbt clearance conflict is to be found wherever medicine is practised. What is original is that the debate has been settled, and one view has triumphed so rapidly. The radical