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<strong>FDF</strong> – Federal Default Fee, a loan program fee required by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 to offset the risk of default and its subsequent costs. All Stafford and PLUS Loans guaranteed on or after July 1, 2006 must be assessed a one percent default fee. The fee either must be deducted from the borrower' s loan proceeds at the time of disbursement or paid by a third party from other non-federal sources (such as by a lender or servicer). Also referred to as DFee.
basis of average variable cost plus a gross profit margin (which would finance fixed costs) or average total cost with a net profit margin. Many questioned the view that such a rigid pricing policy would be followed if there were great changes in demand either making possible higher prices and greater profits or necessitating price cuts so that at least variable costs would be covered. Out of the theory came the assertion that oligopolists have a KINKED DEMAND CURVE.<br /><em>Reference</em><br />Hall, R.L and Hitch, C.L. (1939) 'Price theory and business behaviour', Oxford Economic Papers 2: 12-45.
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controlled market (D4, L5)<br />A market regulated by a central or local government. There can be control over pricing, over the quantities which can be sold or in the range of people allowed to buy and selL Many European countries in the past gave the police the power to regulate markets; today the principal organizations regulating prices have been set up under national price or agricultural policies. In practice, it is difficult to have complete control over a market as the prices set are unlikely to be permanently in equilibrium, thus giving buyers and sellers an incentive to evade the controls.<br /><em>See also:</em> black market; prices policy
bear (G1)<br />A market speculator who, believing that prices will fall, sells securities (for example) now and purchases them later to effect delivery of them. A profit is made by the difference between the selling and buying prices. This reversal of the normal sequence of transactions is possible on stock exchanges as securities do not have to be immediately delivered. Also, there is speculation of this nature in currency and commodity markets where there is a choice between spot and future transactions. If the bear already possesses what is being sold, he or she is 'protected' or 'covered'; if not, he or she is selling short.<br /><em>See also:</em> bull; stag
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