ical
crisis around the beginning of the Christian era which saw a transi-
tion from republic to principate and from meritocratic Western Han
to aristocratic Eastern Han; a greater political crisis in the third
century AD which led to a recasting of empire with new capitalsTrier
and Constantinople in the Westand a new dynastythe Chinin
China. Finallyboth empires experienced disruption: earlier in China
on the lines of north and souththe ?rst dividedthe second united
later in the Weston the lines of west and eastthe ?rst divided the
second united. In both areas of divisionbarbarian aristocracies
originally leaders of mercenary armies in search of employer states
were added to existing ruling classes.
At the economic levelboth the Roman West and the Chinese East
had advanced agricultural foundationsbased in the ?rst on wheat
and barleyand in the second on millet and wheat. In both cases
irrigationby aqueducts and water wheels in the Westby canals and
water wheels in the Eastplayed a part in raising per areal yields to
support an urban superstructure. In bothtooarable farming was
supplemented by pastoralthough at this time to a greater extent
in the East where,
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